Hybrid AC Shipboard Microgrid Time Delayed LFC and AVR Controllers Tuning Through Gazelle Optimization Algorithm and Real-Time HIL Implementation

Efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in maritime power networks have led to the integration of renewable energy resources into hybrid AC shipboard microgrid (hSMG) systems. However, challenges are introduced in maintaining voltage and frequency within acceptable limits due to the stochastic na...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:IEEE journal of oceanic engineering Vol. 50; no. 4; pp. 2854 - 2868
Main Authors: Nivolianiti, Evaggelia, Karnavas, Yannis L., Becker, Florent, Belkhier, Youcef, Charpentier, Jean-Frederic
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: New York IEEE 01.10.2025
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Subjects:
Algorithms
Alternative energy sources
Automatic voltage regulation (AVR)
Controllers
Delay effects
Delays
Diesel generators
Distributed generation
dynamic stability
Dynamical systems
Electric potential
Electrical loads
Emissions
Emissions control
Energy resources
Energy storage
Engineering Sciences
Flywheels
Frequency control
gazelle optimization algorithm (GOA)
Greenhouse gases
hardware-in-the- loop (HIL)
Heuristic algorithms
hybrid AC shipboard microgrid (hSMG)
load frequency control (LFC)
Microgrids
Optimization
Optimization algorithms
PD control
Photovoltaics
Power system stability
proportional–integral (PI)
proportional–integral–derivative (PID)
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells
real-time simulation
Real-time systems
Renewable energy
Renewable energy sources
Renewable resources
Sensitivity analysis
Sensors
Stability criteria
two-degree-of-freedom PID controller with filter (2-DOF-PIDF) controllers
Voltage
Voltage control
Wave power
load frequency control (LFC)
Delay effects
Heuristic algorithms
Microgrids
Power system stability
Automatic voltage regulation (AVR)
Voltage control
Optimization
proportional–integral (PI)
Renewable energy sources
real-time simulation
dynamic stability
gazelle optimization algorithm (GOA)
Stability criteria
hardware-in-the- loop (HIL)
hybrid AC shipboard microgrid (hSMG)
Real-time systems
Delays
proportional–integral–derivative (PID)
two-degree-of-freedom PID controller with filter (2-DOF-PIDF) controllers
ISSN:0364-9059, 1558-1691
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:Efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in maritime power networks have led to the integration of renewable energy resources into hybrid AC shipboard microgrid (hSMG) systems. However, challenges are introduced in maintaining voltage and frequency within acceptable limits due to the stochastic nature of power injection from renewable energy sources, the intermittent nature of the load due to the propulsion or the hotel loads and the sensors/communication link time delays. This article introduces for the first time a hardware-in-loop implementation of combining load frequency control and automatic voltage regulation within an autonomous hSMG comprising wave power generation, photovoltaic, diesel generator, proton exchange membrane fuel cell energy unit, battery energy storage system and flywheel energy storage system. The analysis also considers the significance of addressing time delays resulting from communication links between the sensors and the controllers. The stability of the hSMG model is assessed through comprehensive analysis under different scenarios and comparative performance of various controllers. The parameters of the controllers are fine-tuned using a recently developed bio-inspired approach, the Gazelle Optimization Algorithm. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis of the best controller found is carried out. Experimental results demonstrate the resilience and effectiveness of the proposed frequency/voltage control approach.
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ISSN:0364-9059
1558-1691
DOI:10.1109/JOE.2025.3576522