Real-Time Pixel-Wise Segmentation of Road Surface Damage Using a 2D U-Net Architecture

Road surface integrity is critical for ensuring vehicular safety and reducing maintenance costs, yet traditional visual inspections are laborious and subject to human error. This study presents a tailored 2D U-Net architecture for automated pixel-wise segmentation of pavement damage specifically cra...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Procedia computer science Vol. 269; pp. 131 - 139
Main Authors: Olzhayev, Olzhas, Kulambayev, Bakhytzhan, Omarov, Batyrkhan
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier B.V 2025
Subjects:
2D U-Net
Deep learning
Pixel-wise segmentation
Road damage
semantic segmentation
Deep learning
semantic segmentation
Pixel-wise segmentation
Road damage
2D U-Net
ISSN:1877-0509, 1877-0509
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:Road surface integrity is critical for ensuring vehicular safety and reducing maintenance costs, yet traditional visual inspections are laborious and subject to human error. This study presents a tailored 2D U-Net architecture for automated pixel-wise segmentation of pavement damage specifically cracks and potholes from smartphone-captured RGB imagery. The proposed model employs an encoder–decoder design with symmetric skip connections to merge high-level contextual information and fine-grained spatial features. A weighted cross-entropy loss function is used to mitigate severe class imbalance between sparse damage pixels and dominant intact surface areas. Training on a curated dataset of 1,000 labeled road images demonstrates steady convergence: training loss decreases from 2.65 to 2.25, while validation accuracy rises from 65 % to 76 % over 36 epochs. Qualitative results reveal that coarse crack clusters are reliably detected by epoch 20, with finer details emerging by epoch 30. Mobile deployment tests on a mid-range smartphone yield an average inference time of 45 ms per frame, and TensorFlow Lite quantization reduces model size by 30 % with less than 1 % IoU degradation. These findings confirm that the 2D U-Net framework balances segmentation accuracy and on-device efficiency. Future work will explore hybrid loss formulations and expanded datasets including nighttime and adverse weather conditions to further enhance generalization and robustness.
ISSN:1877-0509
1877-0509
DOI:10.1016/j.procs.2025.08.266