How have journalists been affected psychologically by their coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic? A descriptive study of two international news organisations
ObjectivesThe COVID-19 pandemic has presented unprecedented healthcare challenges. Journalists covering the pandemic at close quarters are working in ways akin to first responders, but nothing to date is known of the psychological distress this is potentially causing them. This study aims to determi...
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| Published in: | BMJ open Vol. 11; no. 7; p. e045675 |
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| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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England
British Medical Journal Publishing Group
12.07.2021
BMJ Publishing Group LTD BMJ Publishing Group |
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| ISSN: | 2044-6055, 2044-6055 |
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| Abstract | ObjectivesThe COVID-19 pandemic has presented unprecedented healthcare challenges. Journalists covering the pandemic at close quarters are working in ways akin to first responders, but nothing to date is known of the psychological distress this is potentially causing them. This study aims to determine whether journalists reporting on the COVID-19 crisis have been affected emotionally, and if so to assess the severity of their distress. It also investigates potential demographic and work-related predictors and whether news organisations had provided counselling to their journalists.ParticipantsA total of 111 journalists working for two international news organisations were approached of which 73 (66%) participated in the study.Primary and secondary outcome measuresSymptoms of anxiety (Generalised Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 (GAD-7)), depression (Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)), overall psychological distress (12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12)), and treatment.ResultsThe percentages of journalists exceeding threshold scores for clinically significant anxiety, depression, PTSD and psychological distress were: GAD-7, 26%; PHQ-9, 20.5%; PCL-5, 9.6%; GHQ-12, 82.2%. Journalists assigned to cover the pandemic (n=54 (74%)) were significantly more anxious (p<0.05). Journalists who received counselling (n=38 (52%)) following the onset of the pandemic reported significantly fewer symptoms of anxiety (p<0.01), depression (p<0.01) and overall psychological distress (p<0.01).ConclusionsJournalists covering the COVID-19 pandemic are experiencing levels of anxiety and depression similar to those seen in first responders. Psychological therapy provided in a timely manner can significantly alleviate emotional distress. |
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| AbstractList | Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic has presented unprecedented healthcare challenges. Journalists covering the pandemic at close quarters are working in ways akin to first responders, but nothing to date is known of the psychological distress this is potentially causing them. This study aims to determine whether journalists reporting on the COVID-19 crisis have been affected emotionally, and if so to assess the severity of their distress. It also investigates potential demographic and work-related predictors and whether news organisations had provided counselling to their journalists.Participants A total of 111 journalists working for two international news organisations were approached of which 73 (66%) participated in the study.Primary and secondary outcome measures Symptoms of anxiety (Generalised Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 (GAD-7)), depression (Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)), overall psychological distress (12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12)), and treatment.Results The percentages of journalists exceeding threshold scores for clinically significant anxiety, depression, PTSD and psychological distress were: GAD-7, 26%; PHQ-9, 20.5%; PCL-5, 9.6%; GHQ-12, 82.2%. Journalists assigned to cover the pandemic (n=54 (74%)) were significantly more anxious (p<0.05). Journalists who received counselling (n=38 (52%)) following the onset of the pandemic reported significantly fewer symptoms of anxiety (p<0.01), depression (p<0.01) and overall psychological distress (p<0.01).Conclusions Journalists covering the COVID-19 pandemic are experiencing levels of anxiety and depression similar to those seen in first responders. Psychological therapy provided in a timely manner can significantly alleviate emotional distress. ObjectivesThe COVID-19 pandemic has presented unprecedented healthcare challenges. Journalists covering the pandemic at close quarters are working in ways akin to first responders, but nothing to date is known of the psychological distress this is potentially causing them. This study aims to determine whether journalists reporting on the COVID-19 crisis have been affected emotionally, and if so to assess the severity of their distress. It also investigates potential demographic and work-related predictors and whether news organisations had provided counselling to their journalists.ParticipantsA total of 111 journalists working for two international news organisations were approached of which 73 (66%) participated in the study.Primary and secondary outcome measuresSymptoms of anxiety (Generalised Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 (GAD-7)), depression (Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)), overall psychological distress (12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12)), and treatment.ResultsThe percentages of journalists exceeding threshold scores for clinically significant anxiety, depression, PTSD and psychological distress were: GAD-7, 26%; PHQ-9, 20.5%; PCL-5, 9.6%; GHQ-12, 82.2%. Journalists assigned to cover the pandemic (n=54 (74%)) were significantly more anxious (p<0.05). Journalists who received counselling (n=38 (52%)) following the onset of the pandemic reported significantly fewer symptoms of anxiety (p<0.01), depression (p<0.01) and overall psychological distress (p<0.01).ConclusionsJournalists covering the COVID-19 pandemic are experiencing levels of anxiety and depression similar to those seen in first responders. Psychological therapy provided in a timely manner can significantly alleviate emotional distress. The COVID-19 pandemic has presented unprecedented healthcare challenges. Journalists covering the pandemic at close quarters are working in ways akin to first responders, but nothing to date is known of the psychological distress this is potentially causing them. This study aims to determine whether journalists reporting on the COVID-19 crisis have been affected emotionally, and if so to assess the severity of their distress. It also investigates potential demographic and work-related predictors and whether news organisations had provided counselling to their journalists.OBJECTIVESThe COVID-19 pandemic has presented unprecedented healthcare challenges. Journalists covering the pandemic at close quarters are working in ways akin to first responders, but nothing to date is known of the psychological distress this is potentially causing them. This study aims to determine whether journalists reporting on the COVID-19 crisis have been affected emotionally, and if so to assess the severity of their distress. It also investigates potential demographic and work-related predictors and whether news organisations had provided counselling to their journalists.A total of 111 journalists working for two international news organisations were approached of which 73 (66%) participated in the study.PARTICIPANTSA total of 111 journalists working for two international news organisations were approached of which 73 (66%) participated in the study.Symptoms of anxiety (Generalised Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 (GAD-7)), depression (Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)), overall psychological distress (12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12)), and treatment.PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURESSymptoms of anxiety (Generalised Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 (GAD-7)), depression (Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)), overall psychological distress (12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12)), and treatment.The percentages of journalists exceeding threshold scores for clinically significant anxiety, depression, PTSD and psychological distress were: GAD-7, 26%; PHQ-9, 20.5%; PCL-5, 9.6%; GHQ-12, 82.2%. Journalists assigned to cover the pandemic (n=54 (74%)) were significantly more anxious (p<0.05). Journalists who received counselling (n=38 (52%)) following the onset of the pandemic reported significantly fewer symptoms of anxiety (p<0.01), depression (p<0.01) and overall psychological distress (p<0.01).RESULTSThe percentages of journalists exceeding threshold scores for clinically significant anxiety, depression, PTSD and psychological distress were: GAD-7, 26%; PHQ-9, 20.5%; PCL-5, 9.6%; GHQ-12, 82.2%. Journalists assigned to cover the pandemic (n=54 (74%)) were significantly more anxious (p<0.05). Journalists who received counselling (n=38 (52%)) following the onset of the pandemic reported significantly fewer symptoms of anxiety (p<0.01), depression (p<0.01) and overall psychological distress (p<0.01).Journalists covering the COVID-19 pandemic are experiencing levels of anxiety and depression similar to those seen in first responders. Psychological therapy provided in a timely manner can significantly alleviate emotional distress.CONCLUSIONSJournalists covering the COVID-19 pandemic are experiencing levels of anxiety and depression similar to those seen in first responders. Psychological therapy provided in a timely manner can significantly alleviate emotional distress. The COVID-19 pandemic has presented unprecedented healthcare challenges. Journalists covering the pandemic at close quarters are working in ways akin to first responders, but nothing to date is known of the psychological distress this is potentially causing them. This study aims to determine whether journalists reporting on the COVID-19 crisis have been affected emotionally, and if so to assess the severity of their distress. It also investigates potential demographic and work-related predictors and whether news organisations had provided counselling to their journalists. A total of 111 journalists working for two international news organisations were approached of which 73 (66%) participated in the study. Symptoms of anxiety (Generalised Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 (GAD-7)), depression (Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)), overall psychological distress (12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12)), and treatment. The percentages of journalists exceeding threshold scores for clinically significant anxiety, depression, PTSD and psychological distress were: GAD-7, 26%; PHQ-9, 20.5%; PCL-5, 9.6%; GHQ-12, 82.2%. Journalists assigned to cover the pandemic (n=54 (74%)) were significantly more anxious (p<0.05). Journalists who received counselling (n=38 (52%)) following the onset of the pandemic reported significantly fewer symptoms of anxiety (p<0.01), depression (p<0.01) and overall psychological distress (p<0.01). Journalists covering the COVID-19 pandemic are experiencing levels of anxiety and depression similar to those seen in first responders. Psychological therapy provided in a timely manner can significantly alleviate emotional distress. |
| Author | Feinstein, Anthony Osmann, Jonas Selva, Meera |
| AuthorAffiliation | 3 Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK 1 Department of Psychiatry , Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre , Toronto , Ontario , Canada 2 Institute of Medical Science , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 Department of Psychiatry , Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre , Toronto , Ontario , Canada – name: 2 Institute of Medical Science , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada – name: 3 Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Jonas orcidid: 0000-0002-2540-4824 surname: Osmann fullname: Osmann, Jonas email: j.osmann@mail.utoronto.ca organization: Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada – sequence: 2 givenname: Meera surname: Selva fullname: Selva, Meera organization: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK – sequence: 3 givenname: Anthony surname: Feinstein fullname: Feinstein, Anthony organization: Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34253664$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1177_10776958231153260 crossref_primary_10_1080_20008066_2025_2522501 crossref_primary_10_4185_rlcs_2025_2337 crossref_primary_10_1080_17512786_2022_2130818 crossref_primary_10_1080_25741136_2024_2347044 crossref_primary_10_3389_fcomm_2024_1369961 crossref_primary_10_1080_1461670X_2024_2385933 crossref_primary_10_3390_healthcare13141688 crossref_primary_10_1080_1461670X_2023_2192295 crossref_primary_10_1080_17512786_2022_2098522 crossref_primary_10_1080_17512786_2022_2097940 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph182111423 crossref_primary_10_1080_21670811_2023_2195116 crossref_primary_10_1080_1461670X_2022_2161928 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph18168536 |
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A case-control study with service and research implications for immunopsychiatry publication-title: Brain Behav Immun doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.069 – ident: 2024102810412985000_11.7.e045675.34 doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.022 – volume: 16 start-page: 52 year: 2001 ident: 2024102810412985000_11.7.e045675.40 article-title: Covering disaster: a pilot study into secondary trauma for print media journalists reporting on disaster publication-title: The Australian Journal of Emergency Management – volume: 33 start-page: e100213 year: 2020 ident: 2024102810412985000_11.7.e045675.3 article-title: A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations publication-title: Gen Psychiatr doi: 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213 – ident: 2024102810412985000_11.7.e045675.8 doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8 – ident: 2024102810412985000_11.7.e045675.6 doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.055 – volume: 74 year: 2020 ident: 2024102810412985000_11.7.e045675.7 article-title: Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020 publication-title: J Anxiety Disord doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102258 – ident: 2024102810412985000_11.7.e045675.19 – ident: 2024102810412985000_11.7.e045675.38 – ident: 2024102810412985000_11.7.e045675.2 doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30120-1 – volume: 7 start-page: 57 year: 2015 ident: 2024102810412985000_11.7.e045675.28 article-title: Civil war in Syria: the psychological effects on journalists publication-title: J Aggress Confl Peace Res doi: 10.1108/JACPR-04-2014-0119 – volume: 1 start-page: 175063521989599 year: 2020 ident: 2024102810412985000_11.7.e045675.35 article-title: The emotional well-being of journalists exposed to traumatic events: a mapping review publication-title: Media, War & Conflict – ident: 2024102810412985000_11.7.e045675.36 doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05719.x – volume: 19 start-page: 1308 year: 2018 ident: 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| Snippet | ObjectivesThe COVID-19 pandemic has presented unprecedented healthcare challenges. Journalists covering the pandemic at close quarters are working in ways akin... The COVID-19 pandemic has presented unprecedented healthcare challenges. Journalists covering the pandemic at close quarters are working in ways akin to first... Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic has presented unprecedented healthcare challenges. Journalists covering the pandemic at close quarters are working in ways... |
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| SubjectTerms | adult psychiatry Alcohol Anxiety - epidemiology Anxiety disorders Coronaviruses Counseling COVID-19 Cross-Sectional Studies Data collection depression & mood disorders Depression - epidemiology First responders Gender Humans Journalism Journalists Likert scale Mental depression Mental Health Pandemics Post traumatic stress disorder Quantitative psychology Questionnaires SARS-CoV-2 Statistical analysis Stress, Psychological - epidemiology |
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| Title | How have journalists been affected psychologically by their coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic? A descriptive study of two international news organisations |
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