Fundamentals of Vehicle Dynamics
A world-recognized expert in the science of vehicle dynamics, Dr. Thomas Gillespie has created an ideal reference book that has been used by engineers for 30 years, ranging from an introduction to the subject at the university level to a common sight on the desks of engineers throughout the world. A...
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | eBook |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Warrendale
SAE International
2021
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| Edition: | 1 |
| Subjects: | |
| ISBN: | 9781468601763, 1468601768, 9781468601770, 1468601776 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
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Table of Contents:
- Title Page List of Symbols Preface Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Acceleration Performance 3. Braking Performance 4. Road Loads 5. Ride 6. Steady-State Cornering 7. Suspensions 8. The Steering System 9. Rollover 10. Tires Appendices Index
- Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing of ESC Systems -- Fishhook Maneuver -- Slowly Increasing Steer -- Fishhook Maneuver -- References -- CHAPTER 10 Tires -- Tire Construction -- Size and Load Rating -- Tire Load Index -- Terminology and Axis System -- Mechanics of Force Generation -- Tractive Properties -- Vertical Load -- Inflation Pressure -- Surface Friction -- Speed -- Relevance to Vehicle Performance -- Cornering Properties -- Slip Angle -- Tire Type -- Load -- Inflation Pressure -- Size and Width -- Tread Design -- Relevance to Vehicle Performance -- Camber Thrust -- Tire Type -- Load -- Inflation Pressure -- Tread Design -- Other Factors -- Relevance to Vehicle Performance -- Aligning Moment -- Slip Angle -- Path Curvature -- Relevance to Vehicle Performance -- Combined Braking and Cornering -- Friction Circle -- Variables -- Relevance to Vehicle Performance -- Conicity and Ply Steer -- Relevance to Vehicle Performance -- Durability Forces -- Tire Vibrations -- References -- Appendix A: (R) Vehicle Dynamics Terminology -- Rationale -- Foreword -- Introduction -- 1 Scope -- 2 References -- 2.1 Applicable Publications -- 2.1.1 SAE Publications: -- 2.1.2 ISO Publications: -- 2.2 Related Publications -- 2.2.1 SAE Publications: -- 2.2.2 ISO Publications: -- 2.2.3 Other Publications: -- 3 Axis and Coordinate Systems -- 4 Vehicle -- 4.1 Geometry and Masses -- 4.2 Kinematics -- 4.2.1 Translational Motion Variables: -- 4.2.1.1 Velocities -- 4.2.1.2 Accelerations -- 4.2.2 Angular Motion Variables -- 4.2.2.1 Angles. -- 4.2.2.2 Angular Velocities. -- 4.2.2.3 Angular Accelerations. -- 4.2.3 Vehicle Trajectory Measures -- 4.3 Forces and Moments -- 4.3.1 Forces -- 4.3.2 Moments -- 5 Suspension and Steering -- 5.1 General Nomenclature -- 5.2 Suspension Components -- 5.3 Steering Components -- 5.4 Masses and Inertias -- 5.5 Geometry -- 5.5.1 Steer and Camber Angles
- 11.5.2 Rollover Resistance
- Trailing-Arm Rear Suspension -- Semi-trailing Arm -- Swing Axle -- Anti-Squat and Anti-Pitch Suspension Geometry -- Equivalent Trailing Arm Analysis -- Rear Solid Drive Axle -- Independent Rear Drive -- Front Solid Drive Axle -- Independent Front-Drive Axle -- Four-Wheel Drive -- Anti-Dive Suspension Geometry -- Examples -- Roll Center Analysis -- Solid Axle Roll Centers -- Four-Link Rear Suspension: -- Three-Link Rear Suspension: -- Four-Link with Parallel Arms: -- Hotchkiss Suspension: -- Independent Suspension Roll Centers -- Positive Swing Arm Geometry: -- Negative Swing Arm Geometry: -- Parallel Horizontal Links: -- Inclined Parallel Links: -- MacPherson Strut: -- Swing Axle: -- Active Suspensions -- Suspension Categories -- Functions -- Performance -- References -- CHAPTER 8 The Steering System -- Introduction -- The Steering Linkages -- Steering Geometry Error -- Toe Change -- Roll Steer -- Front-Wheel Geometry -- Steering System Forces and Moments -- Vertical Force -- Lateral Force -- Tractive Force -- Aligning Torque -- Rolling Resistance and Overturning Moments -- Steering System Models -- Examples of Steering System Effects -- Steering Ratio -- Understeer -- Braking Stability -- Influence of Front-Wheel Drive -- Driveline Torque about the Steer Axis -- Influence of Tractive Force on Tire Cornering Stiffness -- Influence of Tractive Force on Aligning Moment -- Fore/Aft Load Transfer -- Summary of FWD Understeer Influences -- Four-Wheel Steer -- Low-Speed Turning -- High-Speed Cornering -- References -- CHAPTER 9 Rollover -- Quasi-Static Rollover of a Rigid Vehicle -- Quasi-Static Rollover of a Suspended Vehicle -- Transient Rollover -- Simple Roll Models -- Yaw-Roll Models -- Tripping -- Accident Experience -- Dynamic Stability Testing -- Electronic Stability Control (ESC) -- Sine with Dwell: ESC Performance Requirements
- Cover -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- From the Publisher -- About the Author -- About the Editors -- List of Symbols -- CHAPTER 1 Introduction -- Dawn of the Motor Vehicle Age -- Introduction to Vehicle Dynamics -- Fundamental Approach to Modeling -- Lumped Mass -- Vehicle-Fixed Coordinate System -- ISO/SAE Z-up Vehicle-Fixed Coordinate System -- Motion Variables -- Earth-Fixed Coordinate System -- Euler Angles -- Forces -- Newton's Second Law -- Dynamic Axle Loads -- Static Loads on Level Ground -- Low-Speed Acceleration -- Loads on Grades -- Climbing a Grade -- Road Grade -- Composite Mass -- Moments of Inertia -- Example Problems -- References -- CHAPTER 2 Acceleration Performance -- Power-Limited Acceleration -- Engines -- Powertrain -- Automatic Transmissions -- Example Problems -- Traction-Limited Acceleration -- Transverse Weight Shift due to Drive Torque -- Traction Limits -- Parts of a Differential ( Figure 2.12) -- Differential Rules -- Example Problems -- References -- CHAPTER 3 Braking Performance -- Basic Equations -- Constant Deceleration -- Deceleration with Wind Resistance -- Energy/Power -- Braking Forces -- Rolling Resistance -- Aerodynamic Drag -- Driveline Drag -- Grade -- Brakes -- Brake Factor -- Tire-Road Friction -- Velocity -- Inflation Pressure -- Vertical Load -- Example Problems -- Federal Requirements for Braking Performance -- Brake Proportioning -- Anti-lock Brake Systems -- Braking Efficiency -- Rear Wheel Lockup -- Pedal Force Gain -- Example Problem -- References -- CHAPTER 4 Road Loads -- Aerodynamics -- Mechanics of Air Flow around a Vehicle -- Pressure Distribution on a Vehicle -- Aerodynamic Forces -- Drag Components -- Aerodynamic Aids -- Bumper Spoilers -- Air Dams -- Deck Lid Spoilers -- Window and Pillar Treatments -- Optimization -- Drag -- Air Density
- Drag Coefficient -- Side Force -- Lift Force -- Pitching Moment -- Yawing Moment -- Rolling Moment -- Crosswind Sensitivity -- Rolling Resistance -- Factors Affecting Rolling Resistance -- Tire Temperature -- Tire Inflation Pressure/Load -- Velocity -- Tire Material and Design -- Tire Slip -- Typical Coefficients -- Total Road Loads -- Fuel Economy Effects -- Example Problems -- References -- CHAPTER 5 Ride -- Excitation Sources -- Road Roughness -- Tire/Wheel Assembly -- Driveline Excitation -- Engine and Transmission -- Vehicle Response Properties -- Suspension Isolation -- Example Problem -- Suspension Stiffness -- Air Spring Suspensions -- Suspension Damping -- Tuning - Damping -- Tuning - Unsprung Mass -- Active Control -- Wheel Hop Resonances -- Suspension Nonlinearities -- Rigid Body Bounce/Pitch Motions -- Bounce/Pitch Frequencies -- Special Cases -- Example Problem -- Perception of Ride -- Tolerance to Seat Vibrations -- Other Vibration Forms -- Conclusion -- References -- CHAPTER 6 Steady-State Cornering -- Introduction -- Low-Speed Turning -- High-Speed Cornering -- Tire Cornering Forces -- Cornering Equations -- Understeer Gradient -- Characteristic Speed -- Critical Speed -- Lateral Acceleration Gain -- Yaw Velocity Gain -- Sideslip Angle -- Static Margin -- Suspension Effects on Cornering -- Roll Moment Distribution -- Camber Change -- Roll Steer -- Lateral Force Compliance Steer -- Aligning Torque -- Effect of Tractive Forces on Cornering -- Summary of Understeer Effects -- Experimental Measurement of Understeer Gradient -- Constant Radius Method -- Constant Speed Method -- Example Problems -- References -- CHAPTER 7 Suspensions -- Solid Axles -- Hotchkiss -- Four Link -- De Dion -- Independent Suspensions -- Trailing Arm Suspension -- SLA Front Suspension -- MacPherson Strut -- Multi-link Rear Suspension
- 5.5.2 Steering-Axis Geometry -- 5.6 Suspension Motions -- 5.7 Kinematics -- 5.7.1 Ride Kinematics -- 5.7.2 Roll Kinematics -- 5.7.3 Steering Kinematics -- 5.7.4 Anti- Characteristics: -- 5.8 Ride and Roll Stiffness -- 5.9 Compliances -- 5.9.1 Camber and Steer Compliances -- 5.9.2 Other Compliances -- 6 Brakes -- 6.1 General Nomenclature -- 6.2 Brake Components -- 6.3 Brake Proportioning -- 7 Tires and Wheels -- 7.1 Wheel Nomenclature -- 7.2 Pneumatic Tire Nomenclature -- 7.3 Wheel Plane Geometry -- 7.4 Tire Orientation Angles -- 7.5 Tire Rolling Characteristics -- 7.6 Wheel Spin and Tire Slip -- 7.7 Standard Loads and Inflation Pressures -- 7.9 Tire Forces and Moments -- 7.10 Pull Forces and Moments -- 7.11 Properties of Forces in the Road Plane -- 7.12 Normal Force Properties -- 7.13 Moment Properties -- 7.14 Tire/Road Friction -- 8 States and Modes -- 8.1 Equilibrium -- 8.2 Stability -- 8.3 Control Modes -- 9 Inputs and Responses -- 9.1 Inputs -- 9.2 Responses -- 10 Vehicle Longitudinal Response -- 10.1 Longitudinal Load Transfer -- 10.2 Descriptors of Steady-State Longitudinal Response -- 10.2.1 Gain Measures: -- 10.2.2 Gradient Measures: -- 10.3 Descriptors of Transient Longitudinal Response -- 10.4 Descriptors of Transient Brake System Response -- 10.5 Characterizing Descriptors of Braking Performance -- 11 Vehicle Lateral Response -- 11.1 Lateral Load Transfer -- 11.2 Ranges of Directional Response -- 11.3 Descriptors of Steady-State Directional Response -- 11.3.1 Gain or Sensitivity Measures: -- 11.3.2 Gradient Measures: -- 11.3.3 Understeer and Oversteer -- 11.3.4 Stability Measures -- 11.3.5 Characterizing Speeds -- 11.4 Descriptors of Transient Directional Response -- 11.4.1 Rise-Time Measures: -- 11.4.2 Overshoot Measures: -- 11.4.3 Other Transient Measures -- 11.5 Descriptors of Limit Response -- 11.5.1 Directional Response Limits