OECD Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook 2021
In immediate responses to the COVID-19 crisis, science and innovation are playing essential roles in providing a better scientific understanding of the virus, as well as in the development of vaccines, treatments and diagnostics. Both the public and private sectors have poured billions of dollars in...
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| Médium: | E-kniha |
|---|---|
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Vydáno: |
Paris
Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development
2021
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| Vydání: | 1 |
| Témata: | |
| ISBN: | 9789264391987, 9264391983 |
| On-line přístup: | Získat plný text |
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- Key uncertainties, critical pivot points, and their implications for STI systems and policy choices -- The uncertain evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic -- Key uncertainties and critical pivot points presented by COVID-19 -- Societal preferences and values -- The issues at stake and their implications for STI -- Tracking developments on public perceptions of the roles of STI and governments -- Pace and direction of digitalisation -- The issues at stake and their implications for STI -- Tracking developments on the uptake of digital technologies -- Scale and distribution of socio-economic impacts -- The issues at stake and their implications for STI -- Tracking developments on the scale and distribution of socio-economic impacts related to COVID-19 -- International relations and the global order -- The issues at stake and their implications for STI -- Tracking developments on international relations and the global order -- The future orientation of STI policies -- Government support for STI -- Directionality of STI policies -- Conclusions -- Outline of the book -- References -- Notes -- 2 Mobilising public research funding and infrastructures in times of crisis -- Introduction -- Resources unlocked for research on COVID-19 -- Research areas supported by new research funding initiatives -- Challenges in managing emergency research funding projects -- Priority-setting -- Fast-tracking research proposals -- Uncertainties on the long-term impacts of emergency research funding -- Quality and impact of the science produced -- Long-term impact on research domains -- Impact on the science-funding system -- Effective mobilisation of research infrastructures -- Fast-track access -- Data-sharing -- Co-ordination -- New COVID-19 dedicated research -- In conclusion, RIs have demonstrated considerable flexibility during the crisis
- Beyond COVID-19, international STI collaboration is needed to meet global challenges -- Global public goods and global challenges -- Towards a new paradigm for international collaboration on STI -- International STI co-operation is fragmented -- International financing of GPGs: the case of blended finance in STI -- Geopolitical developments and their impact on international STI co-operation -- The role of international organisations -- Outlook for international STI collaboration -- References -- Notes -- 6 Why accelerate the development and deployment of robots? -- Introduction -- The promise of robotics -- Robots as a strategic technology -- Emerging robot capabilities -- Robots and jobs -- Current and emerging uses of robots in healthcare -- Robots in the laboratory -- Robots in patient screening and initial care -- Robot surgeons -- Robotic exoskeletons -- Robots in the supply chain -- Autonomous hospital-delivery robots -- Robot disinfectors -- Micro-robots for drug delivery -- Robots supporting mental health -- Robots in elderly care and nursing homes -- Robots and public policy -- Interdisciplinarity in robotics research -- Robotics research needs public-private partnerships -- Support for technology transfer -- Moonshots for robotics in society -- Diffusion of robots in healthcare -- Education and training -- Regulation -- Conclusion -- References -- Notes -- 7 Accelerating innovation to meet global challenges: The role of engineering biology -- Introduction -- The promise of biofoundries -- The biofoundry as a public-private partnership -- Potential applications -- Vaccines -- Diagnostics and medical devices -- Other trends in bio-based products -- The shift from biofuels to higher-value bio-based products -- New materials: Spider silks -- Adipic acid as a petrochemical equivalent -- Green chemistry -- Long-term data storage
- Emerging issues and policy implications -- Pre-competitive public infrastructure -- Business risks in the value chain -- Policy co-ordination -- Public acceptance -- Digital security: An emerging threat for policy makers -- Future outlook -- References -- Notes -- 8 Governance of science, technology and innovation for crisis and recovery -- Introduction -- Scientific advice in times of crisis -- How are countries meeting these challenges? -- Digital technologies and data for government decision-making -- Horizontal co-ordination to help fight COVID-19 -- Co-ordinating STI policy with other policy fields -- Co-ordinating COVID-19 research initiatives -- Co-ordinating efforts to communicate about funding opportunities -- Governments leading collective action: Mission-oriented innovation policies -- A range of tailor-made systemic policies for different missions -- The mission-orientation imperative -- The main MOIP models -- Technology governance -- Responsible research and innovation -- Participatory technology assessment -- Future outlook -- Revisiting policy goals -- Revisiting policy theories and frameworks -- Revisiting policy practices -- Revisiting government capabilities -- References -- Notes
- Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Table of contents -- Acronyms and abbreviations -- Executive summary -- The STI systems' response to COVID-19 has been decisive, rapid and significant -- Looking forward, STI policies should be recalibrated to tackle the long-term challenges of sustainability, inclusivity and resiliency -- 1 COVID-19: A pivot point for science, technology and innovation? -- Introduction -- STI responses to the COVID-19 crisis and impacts on STI systems -- Public research organisations and researchers' responses and impacts -- Research activities that respond to COVID-19 -- Rapid deployment of research on solutions to COVID-19 -- Provision of scientific advice to policy makers and the public -- Open access to journal articles has reached unprecedented levels -- Impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on the public research sector -- Limited access to research infrastructures and tools during lockdown -- The "COVID-isation" of research -- Decline in income from research and tuition fees -- Effect of lockdown measures on researchers and successful adoption of digital substitutes -- Negative impacts on young and female researchers -- Mobilising business innovation -- Business innovation activities in response to COVID-19 -- Impact of the COVID-19 crisis on business research and innovation -- Innovative companies were hit by lockdowns -- Innovation performance persisted and recovered -- Asymmetric impacts of the COVID-19 crisis across sectors -- Business creation during the first wave of COVID-19 -- Venture-capital funding for innovative entrepreneurship -- Mobilising STI policies to combat the COVID-19 pandemic -- STI policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic -- Fast-tracking of research initiatives -- Accelerating innovation to respond to COVID-19 -- Support for STI systems to withstand the pandemic shock
- The challenge of scientific dissemination in times of crisis -- Lessons learned from the COVID-19 crisis -- References -- Notes -- 3 Challenges and new demands on the academic research workforce -- Introduction -- The quest for research excellence -- Precarity of research careers -- Strengthening the links between academia and other sectors -- Digital transformation and data intensive science -- Science to address societal challenges -- A new approach to scientific research training, evaluation and careers -- References -- Notes -- 4 Government support for business research and innovation in a world in crisis -- Introduction -- Support for business research and innovation today -- The importance of public support for innovation -- Government support for innovation before the COVID-19 crisis -- Other recent trends influencing current innovation support systems -- Improving the policy mix for support to business innovation -- Understanding how support instruments work -- Implementation matters -- A shift towards greater directionality of business support for innovation -- Support for business innovation in times of crisis: The COVID-19 shock -- Lessons from previous crises -- This time is different -- Business innovation support as part of the government response -- The medium to long-term outlook for business innovation support -- Possible scenarios and implications -- Conclusions -- References -- Notes -- 5 Resolving global challenges and crises through international collaboration -- Introduction -- Stepping up collaboration to fight COVID-19 -- Collaboration has been a hallmark of STI responses to the pandemic crisis -- Public-private partnerships are at the heart of COVID-19 countermeasures -- STI co-operation supporting timely and globally equitable solutions to COVID-19 -- The essential roles of global R& -- D preparedness