Handbook of modern sensors : physics, designs, and applications
This book presents a comprehensive and up-to-date account of the theory (physical principles), design, and practical implementations of various sensors for scientific, industrial and consumer applications. This latest edition focuses on the sensing technologies driven by the expanding use of sensors...
Uložené v:
| Hlavný autor: | |
|---|---|
| Médium: | E-kniha Kniha |
| Jazyk: | English |
| Vydavateľské údaje: |
Cham
Springer
2016
Springer International Publishing AG Springer International Publishing |
| Vydanie: | 5 |
| Predmet: | |
| ISBN: | 9783319193021, 3319193023 |
| On-line prístup: | Získať plný text |
| Tagy: |
Pridať tag
Žiadne tagy, Buďte prvý, kto otaguje tento záznam!
|
Obsah:
- 4.4 Induction -- 4.4.1 Lenz Law -- 4.4.2 Eddy Currents -- 4.5 Resistance -- 4.5.1 Specific Resistivity -- 4.5.2 Temperature Sensitivity of a Resistor -- 4.5.3 Strain Sensitivity of a Resistor -- 4.5.4 Moisture Sensitivity of a Resistor -- 4.6 Piezoelectric Effect -- 4.6.1 Ceramic Piezoelectric Materials -- 4.6.2 Polymer Piezoelectric Films -- 4.7 Pyroelectric Effect -- 4.8 Hall Effect -- 4.9 Thermoelectric Effects -- 4.9.1 Seebeck Effect -- 4.9.2 Peltier Effect -- 4.10 Sound Waves -- 4.11 Temperature and Thermal Properties of Materials -- 4.11.1 Temperature Scales -- 4.11.2 Thermal Expansion -- 4.11.3 Heat Capacity -- 4.12 Heat Transfer -- 4.12.1 Thermal Conduction -- 4.12.2 Thermal Convection -- 4.12.3 Thermal Radiation -- 4.12.3.1 Emissivity -- 4.12.3.2 Cavity Effect -- References -- 5: Optical Components of Sensors -- 5.1 Light -- 5.1.1 Energy of Light Quanta -- 5.1.2 Light Polarization -- 5.2 Light Scattering -- 5.3 Geometrical Optics -- 5.4 Radiometry -- 5.5 Photometry -- 5.6 Windows -- 5.7 Mirrors -- 5.7.1 Coated Mirrors -- 5.7.2 Prismatic Mirrors -- 5.8 Lenses -- 5.8.1 Curved Surface Lenses -- 5.8.2 Fresnel Lenses -- 5.8.3 Flat Nanolenses -- 5.9 Fiber Optics and Waveguides -- 5.10 Optical Efficiency -- 5.10.1 Lensing Effect -- 5.10.2 Concentrators -- 5.10.3 Coatings for Thermal Absorption -- 5.10.4 Antireflective Coating (ARC) -- References -- 6: Interface Electronic Circuits -- 6.1 Signal Conditioners -- 6.1.1 Input Characteristics -- 6.1.2 Amplifiers -- 6.1.3 Operational Amplifiers -- 6.1.4 Voltage Follower -- 6.1.5 Charge- and Current-to-Voltage Converters -- 6.1.6 Light-to-Voltage Converters -- 6.1.7 Capacitance-to-Voltage Converters -- 6.1.8 Closed-Loop Capacitance-to-Voltage Converters -- 6.2 Sensor Connections -- 6.2.1 Ratiometric Circuits -- 6.2.2 Differential Circuits -- 6.2.3 Wheatstone Bridge -- 6.2.4 Null-Balanced Bridge
- 9.3.7 Thermal Accelerometers -- 9.3.7.1 Heated Plate Accelerometer -- 9.3.7.2 Heated Gas Accelerometer -- 9.3.8 Closed-Loop Accelerometers -- References -- 10: Force and Strain -- 10.1 Basic Considerations -- 10.2 Strain Gauges -- 10.3 Pressure-Sensitive Films -- 10.4 Piezoelectric Force Sensors -- 10.5 Piezoelectric Cables -- 10.6 Optical Force Sensors -- References -- 11: Pressure Sensors -- 11.1 Concept of Pressure -- 11.2 Units of Pressure -- 11.3 Mercury Pressure Sensor -- 11.4 Bellows, Membranes, and Thin Plates -- 11.5 Piezoresistive Sensors -- 11.6 Capacitive Sensors -- 11.7 VRP Sensors -- 11.8 Optoelectronic Pressure Sensors -- 11.9 Indirect Pressure Sensor -- 11.10 Vacuum Sensors -- 11.10.1 Pirani Gauge -- 11.10.2 Ionization Gauges -- 11.10.3 Gas Drag Gauge -- References -- 12: Flow Sensors -- 12.1 Basics of Flow Dynamics -- 12.2 Pressure Gradient Technique -- 12.3 Thermal Transport Sensors -- 12.3.1 Hot-Wire Anemometers -- 12.3.2 Three-Part Thermoanemometer -- 12.3.3 Two-Part Thermoanemometer -- 12.3.4 Microflow Thermal Transport Sensors -- 12.4 Ultrasonic Sensors -- 12.5 Electromagnetic Sensors -- 12.6 Breeze Sensor -- 12.7 Coriolis Mass Flow Sensors -- 12.8 Drag Force Flowmeter -- 12.9 Cantilever MEMS Sensors -- 12.10 Dust and Smoke Detectors -- 12.10.1 Ionization Detector -- 12.10.2 Optical Detector -- References -- 13: Microphones -- 13.1 Microphone Characteristics -- 13.1.1 Output Impedance -- 13.1.2 Balanced Output -- 13.1.3 Sensitivity -- 13.1.4 Frequency Response -- 13.1.5 Intrinsic Noise -- 13.1.6 Directionality -- 13.1.7 Proximity Effect -- 13.2 Resistive Microphones -- 13.3 Condenser Microphones -- 13.4 Electret Microphones -- 13.5 Optical Microphones -- 13.6 Piezoelectric Microphones -- 13.6.1 Low-Frequency Range -- 13.6.2 Ultrasonic Range -- 13.7 Dynamic Microphones -- References -- 14: Humidity and Moisture Sensors
- 14.1 Concept of Humidity
- Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Author -- 1: Data Acquisition -- 1.1 Sensors, Signals, and Systems -- 1.2 Sensor Classification -- 1.3 Units of Measurements -- References -- 2: Transfer Functions -- 2.1 Mathematical Models -- 2.1.1 Concept -- 2.1.2 Functional Approximations -- 2.1.3 Linear Regression -- 2.1.4 Polynomial Approximations -- 2.1.5 Sensitivity -- 2.1.6 Linear Piecewise Approximation -- 2.1.7 Spline Interpolation -- 2.1.8 Multidimensional Transfer Functions -- 2.2 Calibration -- 2.3 Computation of Parameters -- 2.4 Computation of a Stimulus -- 2.4.1 Use of Analytical Equation -- 2.4.2 Use of Linear Piecewise Approximation -- 2.4.3 Iterative Computation of Stimulus (Newton Method) -- References -- 3: Sensor Characteristics -- 3.1 Sensors for Mobile Communication Devices -- 3.1.1 Requirements to MCD Sensors -- 3.1.2 Integration -- 3.2 Span (Full-Scale Input) -- 3.3 Full-Scale Output -- 3.4 Accuracy -- 3.5 Calibration Error -- 3.6 Hysteresis -- 3.7 Nonlinearity -- 3.8 Saturation -- 3.9 Repeatability -- 3.10 Dead Band -- 3.11 Resolution -- 3.12 Special Properties -- 3.13 Output Impedance -- 3.14 Output Format -- 3.15 Excitation -- 3.16 Dynamic Characteristics -- 3.17 Dynamic Models of Sensor Elements -- 3.17.1 Mechanical Elements -- 3.17.2 Thermal Elements -- 3.17.3 Electrical Elements -- 3.17.4 Analogies -- 3.18 Environmental Factors -- 3.19 Reliability -- 3.19.1 MTTF -- 3.19.2 Extreme Testing -- 3.19.3 Accelerated Life Testing -- 3.19.3.1 Environmental Acceleration -- 3.19.3.2 HALT Testing -- 3.19.3.3 FOAT Testing -- 3.20 Application Characteristics -- 3.21 Uncertainty -- References -- 4: Physical Principles of Sensing -- 4.1 Electric Charges, Fields, and Potentials -- 4.2 Capacitance -- 4.2.1 Capacitor -- 4.2.2 Dielectric Constant -- 4.3 Magnetism -- 4.3.1 Faraday Law -- 4.3.2 Permanent Magnets -- 4.3.3 Coil and Solenoid
- 6.2.5 Bridge Amplifiers -- 6.3 Excitation Circuits -- 6.3.1 Current Generators -- 6.3.2 Voltage Generators -- 6.3.3 Voltage References -- 6.3.4 Oscillators -- 6.4 Analog-to-Digital Converters -- 6.4.1 Basic Concepts -- 6.4.2 V/F Converters -- 6.4.3 PWM Converters -- 6.4.4 R/F Converters -- 6.4.5 Successive-Approximation Converter -- 6.4.6 Resolution Extension -- 6.4.7 ADC Interface -- 6.5 Integrated Interfaces -- 6.5.1 Voltage Processor -- 6.5.2 Inductance Processor -- 6.6 Data Transmission -- 6.6.1 Two-Wire Transmission -- 6.6.2 Four-Wire Transmission -- 6.7 Noise in Sensors and Circuits -- 6.7.1 Inherent Noise -- 6.7.2 Transmitted Noise -- 6.7.2.1 Additive Noise -- 6.7.2.2 Multiplicative Noise -- 6.7.3 Electric Shielding -- 6.7.4 Bypass Capacitors -- 6.7.5 Magnetic Shielding -- 6.7.6 Mechanical Noise -- 6.7.7 Ground Planes -- 6.7.8 Ground Loops and Ground Isolation -- 6.7.9 Seebeck Noise -- 6.8 Batteries for Low-Power Sensors -- 6.8.1 Primary Cells -- 6.8.1.1 Alkaline Manganese Batteries -- 6.8.1.2 Primary Lithium Batteries -- 6.8.2 Secondary Cells -- 6.8.3 Supercapacitors -- 6.9 Energy Harvesting -- 6.9.1 Light Energy Harvesting -- 6.9.2 Far-Field Energy Harvesting -- 6.9.3 Near-Field Energy Harvesting -- References -- 7: Detectors of Humans -- 7.1 Ultrasonic Detectors -- 7.2 Microwave Motion Detectors -- 7.3 Micropower Impulse Radars -- 7.4 Ground Penetrating Radars -- 7.5 Linear Optical Sensors (PSD) -- 7.6 Capacitive Occupancy Detectors -- 7.7 Triboelectric Detectors -- 7.8 Optoelectronic Motion Detectors -- 7.8.1 Sensor Structures -- 7.8.2 Multiple Detecting Elements -- 7.8.3 Complex Sensor Shape -- 7.8.4 Image Distortion -- 7.8.5 Facet Focusing Elements -- 7.8.6 Visible and Near-IR Light Motion Detectors -- 7.8.7 Mid- and Far-IR Detectors -- 7.8.8 Passive Infrared (PIR) Motion Detectors -- 7.8.9 PIR Detector Efficiency Analysis
- 7.9 Optical Presence Sensors -- 7.9.1 Photoelectric Beam -- 7.9.2 Light Reflection Detectors -- 7.10 Pressure-Gradient Sensors -- 7.11 2-D Pointing Devices -- 7.12 Gesture Sensing (3-D Pointing) -- 7.12.1 Inertial and Gyroscopic Mice -- 7.12.2 Optical Gesture Sensors -- 7.12.3 Near-Field Gesture Sensors -- 7.13 Tactile Sensors -- 7.13.1 Switch Sensors -- 7.13.2 Piezoelectric Tactile Sensors -- 7.13.3 Piezoresistive Tactile Sensors -- 7.13.4 Tactile MEMS Sensors -- 7.13.5 Capacitive Touch Sensors -- 7.13.6 Optical Touch Sensors -- 7.13.7 Optical Fingerprint Sensors -- References -- 8: Presence, Displacement, and Level -- 8.1 Potentiometric Sensors -- 8.2 Piezoresistive Sensors -- 8.3 Capacitive Sensors -- 8.4 Inductive and Magnetic Sensors -- 8.4.1 LVDT and RVDT -- 8.4.2 Transverse Inductive Sensor -- 8.4.3 Eddy Current Probes -- 8.4.4 Pavement Loops -- 8.4.5 Metal Detectors -- 8.4.6 Hall-Effect Sensors -- 8.4.7 Magnetoresistive Sensors -- 8.4.8 Magnetostrictive Detector -- 8.5 Optical Sensors -- 8.5.1 Optical Bridge -- 8.5.2 Proximity Detector with Polarized Light -- 8.5.3 Prismatic and Reflective Sensors -- 8.5.4 Fabry-Perot Sensors -- 8.5.5 Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors -- 8.5.6 Grating Photomodulators -- 8.6 Thickness and Level Sensors -- 8.6.1 Ablation Sensors -- 8.6.2 Film Sensors -- 8.6.3 Cryogenic Liquid Level Sensors -- References -- 9: Velocity and Acceleration -- 9.1 Stationary Velocity Sensors -- 9.1.1 Linear Velocity -- 9.1.2 Rotary Velocity Sensors (Tachometers) -- 9.2 Inertial Rotary Sensors -- 9.2.1 Rotor Gyroscope -- 9.2.2 Vibrating Gyroscopes -- 9.2.3 Optical (Laser) Gyroscopes -- 9.3 Inertial Linear Sensors (Accelerometers) -- 9.3.1 Transfer Function and Characteristics -- 9.3.2 Inclinometers -- 9.3.3 Seismic Sensors -- 9.3.4 Capacitive Accelerometers -- 9.3.5 Piezoresistive Accelerometers -- 9.3.6 Piezoelectric Accelerometers