Bluetongue in ruminants: Global epidemiology, pathogenesis, and advances in diagnostic and control strategies within a One Health framework.
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| Title: | Bluetongue in ruminants: Global epidemiology, pathogenesis, and advances in diagnostic and control strategies within a One Health framework. |
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| Authors: | Ayuti, Siti Rani1,2 sitirani_ayuti@usk.ac.id, Khairullah, Aswin Rafif3 aswinrafif@gmail.com, Lamid, Mirni4 mirnylamid@fkh.unair.ac.id, Warsito, Sunaryo Hadi4 sunaryo-h-w@fkh.unair.ac.id, Al Arif, Mohammad Anam4 moh-a-a-a@fkh.unair.ac.id, Kim, Eun Joong5 ejkim2011@knu.ac.kr, Moses, Ikechukwu Benjamin6 ikechukwumoses937@gmail.com, Shin, Sangsu5 sss@knu.ac.kr, Wardhani, Bantari Wisynu Kusuma7 bantariwisynu@gmail.com, Wasito, Wasito3 wasi010@brin.go.id, Khalisa, Andi Thafida8 andi.thafidakhalisa2103@gmail.com, Ahmad, Riza Zainuddin3 riza011@brin.go.id |
| Source: | Veterinary World. Oct2025, Vol. 18 Issue 10, p3070-3093. 24p. |
| Document Type: | Literature Review |
| Subjects: | Bluetongue, Ruminants, Pathogenesis, Diagnostic services, Epidemiology, Medical protocols, Climate change, Public health |
| Author-Supplied Keywords: | bluetongue virus Culicoides vectors diagnostics epidemiology livestock disease control One Health vaccination |
| Abstract: | Bluetongue (BT) is an economically important viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants, caused by the bluetongue virus (BTV), and transmitted primarily by Culicoides midges. The virus has at least 28 known serotypes and several emerging strains, with its distribution expanding beyond traditional endemic zones due to climate change and global trade. This review summarizes recent developments in the epidemiology, molecular characterization, diagnostics, vaccines, and control of BT, with an emphasis on its implications within the One Health framework. A comprehensive literature search covering studies from 2000 to 2025 revealed significant outbreaks in Europe (2024–2025) involving BTV-3 and BTV-12, as well as the emergence of novel serotypes in Asia and Africa. Global economic losses exceed USD 3 billion annually due to mortality, production losses, and trade restrictions. Advances in molecular diagnostics, such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, whole-genome sequencing, and rapid field assays like loop-mediated isothermal amplification and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats -based platforms, have improved surveillance and serotype identification. Although vaccination remains the cornerstone of BT control, current live and inactivated vaccines are limited by serotype specificity and reassortment risks, highlighting the need for new-generation virus-like particle, recombinant, DNA, and mRNA-based vaccines. Persistent challenges include the absence of differentiating infected from vaccinated animals -compatible polyvalent vaccines, incomplete knowledge of wildlife reservoirs, and uneven surveillance capacities worldwide. Strengthening integrated vector management, genomic monitoring, and climate-informed control strategies through a coordinated One Health approach will be vital to reduce the global burden of bluetongue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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| Author Affiliations: | 1Doctoral Program of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. 2Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia. 3Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. 4Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. 5Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea. 6Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria. 7Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. 8The Pharmacist Professional Education Program, Faculty of Military Pharmacy, Universitas Pertahanan, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. |
| ISSN: | 0972-8988 |
| DOI: | 10.14202/vetworld.2025.3070-3093 |
| Accession Number: | 189111178 |
| Database: | Veterinary Source |
| Abstract: | Bluetongue (BT) is an economically important viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants, caused by the bluetongue virus (BTV), and transmitted primarily by Culicoides midges. The virus has at least 28 known serotypes and several emerging strains, with its distribution expanding beyond traditional endemic zones due to climate change and global trade. This review summarizes recent developments in the epidemiology, molecular characterization, diagnostics, vaccines, and control of BT, with an emphasis on its implications within the One Health framework. A comprehensive literature search covering studies from 2000 to 2025 revealed significant outbreaks in Europe (2024–2025) involving BTV-3 and BTV-12, as well as the emergence of novel serotypes in Asia and Africa. Global economic losses exceed USD 3 billion annually due to mortality, production losses, and trade restrictions. Advances in molecular diagnostics, such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, whole-genome sequencing, and rapid field assays like loop-mediated isothermal amplification and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats -based platforms, have improved surveillance and serotype identification. Although vaccination remains the cornerstone of BT control, current live and inactivated vaccines are limited by serotype specificity and reassortment risks, highlighting the need for new-generation virus-like particle, recombinant, DNA, and mRNA-based vaccines. Persistent challenges include the absence of differentiating infected from vaccinated animals -compatible polyvalent vaccines, incomplete knowledge of wildlife reservoirs, and uneven surveillance capacities worldwide. Strengthening integrated vector management, genomic monitoring, and climate-informed control strategies through a coordinated One Health approach will be vital to reduce the global burden of bluetongue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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| ISSN: | 09728988 |
| DOI: | 10.14202/vetworld.2025.3070-3093 |