Lumpy skin disease: A growing threat to the global livestock industry.
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| Title: | Lumpy skin disease: A growing threat to the global livestock industry. |
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| Authors: | Hidayatik, Nanik1 nanik-h@fkh.unair.ac.id, Khairullah, Aswin Rafif2, Yuliani, M. Gandul Atik1, Hestianah, Eka Pramyrtha3, Novianti, Arindita Niatazya1, Damayanti, Ratna1, Madarina Hisyam, Mirza Atikah4, Moses, Ikechukwu Benjamin5, Ahmad, Riza Zainuddin2, Kusuma Wardhani, Bantari Wisynu6, Wibowo, Syahputra7, Ariani Kurniasih, Dea Anita8 |
| Source: | Open Veterinary Journal. 2025, Vol. 15 Issue 2, p541-555. 15p. |
| Document Type: | Article |
| Subjects: | Lumpy skin disease, Cattle diseases, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Virus isolation, Symptoms, Eyelids, Oral mucosa |
| Author-Supplied Keywords: | Cattle Disease LSD Nodules Virus |
| Abstract: | Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is an infectious disease in cattle caused by the Lumpy Skin Disease Virus by the Poxviridae family. Historically, LSD was first documented in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) in 1929 as a symptom of bug bite poisoning or hypersensitivity, described as pseudo-urticaria. This disease, which causes widespread malaise and persistent weakness, is a serious, economically devastating, and reportable condition that lowers cattle output. The illness starts as a biphasic fever. After fever, emaciation, ocular discharge, and agalactia, the clinical signs of a minor infection develop as one or two nodular lumps appear 2-3 days later. In particular, the skin of the muzzle, back, nostrils, legs, scrotum, eyelids, lower ears, nasal, perineum, oral mucosa, and tail display painful, hyperemic, nodular lesions. A number of diagnostic methods, such as virus isolation in cell culture, transmission electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, direct and indirect fluorescent antibody testing, agar gel immunodiffusion, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blotting, and serum neutralization test (SNT), are used to confirm the clinical diagnosis. This disease is spread by arthropods such as flies, mosquitoes, and ticks. It is most common during the rainy season, when there is a high number of biting insects, and it declines during the dry season. LSD has direct and indirect economic impacts on livestock and the industry. Since there is no effective antiviral medication to treat LSD, the only viable method of disease containment is vaccination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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| Author Affiliations: | 1Division of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia 2Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia 3Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia 4Division of Veterinary Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia 5Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria 6Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia 7Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia 8Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia |
| ISSN: | 2226-4485 |
| DOI: | 10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i2.5 |
| Accession Number: | 184608670 |
| Database: | Veterinary Source |
| Abstract: | Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is an infectious disease in cattle caused by the Lumpy Skin Disease Virus by the Poxviridae family. Historically, LSD was first documented in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) in 1929 as a symptom of bug bite poisoning or hypersensitivity, described as pseudo-urticaria. This disease, which causes widespread malaise and persistent weakness, is a serious, economically devastating, and reportable condition that lowers cattle output. The illness starts as a biphasic fever. After fever, emaciation, ocular discharge, and agalactia, the clinical signs of a minor infection develop as one or two nodular lumps appear 2-3 days later. In particular, the skin of the muzzle, back, nostrils, legs, scrotum, eyelids, lower ears, nasal, perineum, oral mucosa, and tail display painful, hyperemic, nodular lesions. A number of diagnostic methods, such as virus isolation in cell culture, transmission electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, direct and indirect fluorescent antibody testing, agar gel immunodiffusion, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blotting, and serum neutralization test (SNT), are used to confirm the clinical diagnosis. This disease is spread by arthropods such as flies, mosquitoes, and ticks. It is most common during the rainy season, when there is a high number of biting insects, and it declines during the dry season. LSD has direct and indirect economic impacts on livestock and the industry. Since there is no effective antiviral medication to treat LSD, the only viable method of disease containment is vaccination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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| ISSN: | 22264485 |
| DOI: | 10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i2.5 |