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Assessment of the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil and selected vegetable samples from challawa agricultural location in Kano State, Nigeria

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Názov: Assessment of the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil and selected vegetable samples from challawa agricultural location in Kano State, Nigeria
Autori: Enyojo Samson Okwute, Zakari Mohammed, David Ebuka Arthur, Haruna Wayar, Joseph C. Akan
Zdroj: Environmental Pollution and Management, Vol 2, Iss , Pp 23-31 (2025)
Informácie o vydavateľovi: KeAi Communications Co., Ltd., 2025.
Rok vydania: 2025
Zbierka: LCC:Environmental sciences
Predmety: PAHs, Challawa dam, GCMS, Vegetable samples, Kano, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Popis: This study aimed at measuring the concentrations of seventeen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollutants in soil and selected vegetables grown in Challawa agricultural area in Kano State, Nigeria. Representative soil samples were collected from ten plots and composited at each depth across three depths profiles (0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–30 cm). 20-gram portions of each of the five vegetables (onions, tomatoes, hot pepper, sweet pepper, and garden egg) were sampled and categorized into root, stem, and fruit parts. PAHs were extracted and cleaned-up using standard analytical methods, followed by instrumental analysis using a SHIMADZU GC-MS (GC-17A). The levels of PAHs in soil ranged from 2.00E-03 to 8.00E-03 mg/kg, with the highest concentration detected at the 0–10 cm depth. In the vegetable samples, PAH concentrations ranged between 4.00E-03 and 1.30E-02 mg/kg, with sweet pepper and hot pepper showing the highest levels. A comprehensive assessment revealed that PAH concentrations in vegetables exceeded those in soil. Diagnostic ratios identified both petrogenic and pyrogenic sources of PAHs pollution. The estimated daily dose of PAHs was highest (3.19E-08 mg/kg/day) for hot pepper, while the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values ranged from 1.29E-07 to 1.79E-09, well below the threshold of 10E-06, implying negligible cancer risk. The mean effect range medium quotient values in soil were below 0.1, categorizing the Challawa agricultural area as a low-priority site for pollution control. These findings suggest that vegetables from the Challawa agricultural area are safe for human consumption.
Druh dokumentu: article
Popis súboru: electronic resource
Jazyk: English
ISSN: 2950-3051
Relation: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950305124000329; https://doaj.org/toc/2950-3051
DOI: 10.1016/j.epm.2024.12.002
Prístupová URL adresa: https://doaj.org/article/9c9ef354780343468bbb0c4c67609ff6
Prístupové číslo: edsdoj.9c9ef354780343468bbb0c4c67609ff6
Databáza: Directory of Open Access Journals
Popis
Abstrakt:This study aimed at measuring the concentrations of seventeen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollutants in soil and selected vegetables grown in Challawa agricultural area in Kano State, Nigeria. Representative soil samples were collected from ten plots and composited at each depth across three depths profiles (0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–30 cm). 20-gram portions of each of the five vegetables (onions, tomatoes, hot pepper, sweet pepper, and garden egg) were sampled and categorized into root, stem, and fruit parts. PAHs were extracted and cleaned-up using standard analytical methods, followed by instrumental analysis using a SHIMADZU GC-MS (GC-17A). The levels of PAHs in soil ranged from 2.00E-03 to 8.00E-03 mg/kg, with the highest concentration detected at the 0–10 cm depth. In the vegetable samples, PAH concentrations ranged between 4.00E-03 and 1.30E-02 mg/kg, with sweet pepper and hot pepper showing the highest levels. A comprehensive assessment revealed that PAH concentrations in vegetables exceeded those in soil. Diagnostic ratios identified both petrogenic and pyrogenic sources of PAHs pollution. The estimated daily dose of PAHs was highest (3.19E-08 mg/kg/day) for hot pepper, while the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values ranged from 1.29E-07 to 1.79E-09, well below the threshold of 10E-06, implying negligible cancer risk. The mean effect range medium quotient values in soil were below 0.1, categorizing the Challawa agricultural area as a low-priority site for pollution control. These findings suggest that vegetables from the Challawa agricultural area are safe for human consumption.
ISSN:29503051
DOI:10.1016/j.epm.2024.12.002