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Renewable Energy in Data Centers: the Dilemma of Electrical Grid Dependency and Autonomy Costs

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Titel: Renewable Energy in Data Centers: the Dilemma of Electrical Grid Dependency and Autonomy Costs
Autoren: Gnibga, Wedan Emmanuel, Blavette, Anne, Orgerie, Anne-Cécile
Weitere Verfasser: Design and Implementation of Autonomous Distributed Systems (MYRIADS), Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-SYSTÈMES LARGE ÉCHELLE (IRISA-D1), Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom Paris (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom Paris (IMT)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut Mines-Télécom Paris (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom Paris (IMT)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom Paris (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom Paris (IMT), Systèmes et Applications des Technologies de l'Information et de l'Energie (SATIE), École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers CNAM (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay (ENS Paris Saclay)-Université Gustave Eiffel-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY)
Quelle: ISSN: 2377-3782 ; IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing ; https://hal.science/hal-04189173 ; IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing, 2023, pp.1-13. ⟨10.1109/TSUSC.2023.3307790⟩.
Verlagsinformationen: HAL CCSD
IEEE
Publikationsjahr: 2023
Bestand: Archive ouverte HAL (Hyper Article en Ligne, CCSD - Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)
Schlagwörter: Sustainable data centers, carbon-neutral computing, renewable resources, energy storage, optimal sizing, [INFO.INFO-DC]Computer Science [cs]/Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing [cs.DC]
Beschreibung: International audience ; Integrating larger shares of renewables in data centers' electrical mix is mandatory to reduce their carbon footprint. However, as they are intermittent and fluctuating, renewable energies alone cannot provide a 24/7 supply and should be combined with a secondary source. Finding the optimal infrastructure configuration for both renewable production and financial costs remains difficult. In this paper, we examine three scenarios with on-site renewable energy sources combined respectively with the electrical grid, batteries alone and batteries with hydrogen storage systems. The objectives are first, to size optimally the electric infrastructure using combinations of standard microgrids approaches, secondly to quantify the level of grid utilization when data centers consume/ export electricity from/to the grid, to determine the level of effort required from the grid operator, and finally to analyze the cost of 100% autonomy provided by the battery-based configurations and to discuss their economical viability. Our results show that in the grid-dependent mode, 63.1% of the generated electricity has to be injected into the grid and retrieved later. In the autonomous configurations, the cheapest one including hydrogen storage leads to a unit cost significantly more expensive than the electricity supplied from a national power system in many countries.
Publikationsart: article in journal/newspaper
Sprache: English
Relation: hal-04189173; https://hal.science/hal-04189173; https://hal.science/hal-04189173/document; https://hal.science/hal-04189173/file/Decorus_paper.pdf
DOI: 10.1109/TSUSC.2023.3307790
Verfügbarkeit: https://hal.science/hal-04189173
https://hal.science/hal-04189173/document
https://hal.science/hal-04189173/file/Decorus_paper.pdf
https://doi.org/10.1109/TSUSC.2023.3307790
Rights: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ ; info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
Dokumentencode: edsbas.A7BE2BC
Datenbank: BASE
Beschreibung
Abstract:International audience ; Integrating larger shares of renewables in data centers' electrical mix is mandatory to reduce their carbon footprint. However, as they are intermittent and fluctuating, renewable energies alone cannot provide a 24/7 supply and should be combined with a secondary source. Finding the optimal infrastructure configuration for both renewable production and financial costs remains difficult. In this paper, we examine three scenarios with on-site renewable energy sources combined respectively with the electrical grid, batteries alone and batteries with hydrogen storage systems. The objectives are first, to size optimally the electric infrastructure using combinations of standard microgrids approaches, secondly to quantify the level of grid utilization when data centers consume/ export electricity from/to the grid, to determine the level of effort required from the grid operator, and finally to analyze the cost of 100% autonomy provided by the battery-based configurations and to discuss their economical viability. Our results show that in the grid-dependent mode, 63.1% of the generated electricity has to be injected into the grid and retrieved later. In the autonomous configurations, the cheapest one including hydrogen storage leads to a unit cost significantly more expensive than the electricity supplied from a national power system in many countries.
DOI:10.1109/TSUSC.2023.3307790