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Estrogenic, Genotoxic, and Antibacterial Effects of Chemicals from Cryogenically Milled Tire Tread

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Title: Estrogenic, Genotoxic, and Antibacterial Effects of Chemicals from Cryogenically Milled Tire Tread
Authors: Alan J. Bergmann, T. Masset, F. Breider, W. Dudefoi, K. Schirmer, B. J. D. Ferrari, E. L. M. Vermeirssen
Source: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 43 (9)
Publisher Information: Oxford University Press (OUP), 2024.
Publication Year: 2024
Subject Terms: Mutagenicity Tests, Antimicrobials, 6PPD, Bioassay-directed fractionation, Estrogenic compounds, Genotoxicity, Microplastics, Tire wear particles, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Estrogens, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Anti-Bacterial Agents, 13. Climate action, Mutagens, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Description: Tire and road wear particles (TRWP) contain complex mixtures of chemicals and release them to the environment, and potential toxic effects of these chemicals still need to be characterized. We used a standardized surrogate for TRWP, cryogenically milled tire tread (CMTT), to isolate and evaluate effects of tire-associated chemicals. We examined organic chemical mixtures extracted and leached from CMTT for the toxicity endpoints genotoxicity, estrogenicity, and inhibition of bacterial luminescence. The bioassays were performed after chromatographic separation on high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) plates. Extracts of CMTT were active in all three HPTLC bioassays with two estrogenic zones, two genotoxic zones, and two zones inhibiting bacterial luminescence. Extracts of CMTT artificially aged with thermooxidation were equally bioactive in each HPTLC bioassay. Two types of aqueous leachates of unaged CMTT, simulating either digestion by fish or contact with sediment and water, contained estrogenic chemicals and inhibitors of bacterial luminescence with similar profiles to those of CMTT extracts. Of 11 tested tire-associated chemicals, two were estrogenic, three were genotoxic, and several inhibited bacterial luminescence. 1,3-Diphenylguanidine, transformation products of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, and benzothiazoles were especially implicated through comparison to HPTLC retention factors in the CMTT samples. Other bioactive bands in CMTT samples did not correspond to any target chemicals. Tire particles clearly contain and can leach complex mixtures of toxic chemicals to the environment. Although some known chemicals contribute to estrogenic, genotoxic, and antibacterial hazards, unidentified toxic chemicals are still present and deserve further investigation. Overall, our study expands the understanding of potential adverse effects from tire particles and helps improve the link between those effects and the responsible chemicals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1962–1972. © 2024 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. Chemicals leaching from cryogenically milled tire tread detected by high-performance thin-layer chromatography bioassays. 6PPD = N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine; DPG = diphenylguanidine.
Document Type: Article
File Description: application/application/pdf
Language: English
ISSN: 1552-8618
0730-7268
DOI: 10.1002/etc.5934
DOI: 10.3929/ethz-b-000680750
Access URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39031710
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/680750
Rights: CC BY
Accession Number: edsair.doi.dedup.....3ade96fede76b5f5fbfef4615e240105
Database: OpenAIRE
Description
Abstract:Tire and road wear particles (TRWP) contain complex mixtures of chemicals and release them to the environment, and potential toxic effects of these chemicals still need to be characterized. We used a standardized surrogate for TRWP, cryogenically milled tire tread (CMTT), to isolate and evaluate effects of tire-associated chemicals. We examined organic chemical mixtures extracted and leached from CMTT for the toxicity endpoints genotoxicity, estrogenicity, and inhibition of bacterial luminescence. The bioassays were performed after chromatographic separation on high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) plates. Extracts of CMTT were active in all three HPTLC bioassays with two estrogenic zones, two genotoxic zones, and two zones inhibiting bacterial luminescence. Extracts of CMTT artificially aged with thermooxidation were equally bioactive in each HPTLC bioassay. Two types of aqueous leachates of unaged CMTT, simulating either digestion by fish or contact with sediment and water, contained estrogenic chemicals and inhibitors of bacterial luminescence with similar profiles to those of CMTT extracts. Of 11 tested tire-associated chemicals, two were estrogenic, three were genotoxic, and several inhibited bacterial luminescence. 1,3-Diphenylguanidine, transformation products of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, and benzothiazoles were especially implicated through comparison to HPTLC retention factors in the CMTT samples. Other bioactive bands in CMTT samples did not correspond to any target chemicals. Tire particles clearly contain and can leach complex mixtures of toxic chemicals to the environment. Although some known chemicals contribute to estrogenic, genotoxic, and antibacterial hazards, unidentified toxic chemicals are still present and deserve further investigation. Overall, our study expands the understanding of potential adverse effects from tire particles and helps improve the link between those effects and the responsible chemicals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1962–1972. © 2024 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. Chemicals leaching from cryogenically milled tire tread detected by high-performance thin-layer chromatography bioassays. 6PPD = N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine; DPG = diphenylguanidine.
ISSN:15528618
07307268
DOI:10.1002/etc.5934