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Visual feedback-dependent modulation of arousal, postural control, and muscle stretch reflexes assessed in real and virtual environments

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Bibliographic Details
Title: Visual feedback-dependent modulation of arousal, postural control, and muscle stretch reflexes assessed in real and virtual environments
Authors: Daniel D. Hodgson, Jordan A. King, Osman Darici, Brian H. Dalton, Taylor W. Cleworth, Tyler Cluff, Ryan M. Peters
Source: Front Hum Neurosci
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, Vol 17 (2023)
Publisher Information: Frontiers Media SA, 2023.
Publication Year: 2023
Subject Terms: electromyography, tendon vibration, virtual reality, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, muscle stretch reflexes, electrodermal activity, H-reflexes, RC321-571, Neuroscience
Description: IntroductionThe mechanisms regulating neuromuscular control of standing balance can be influenced by visual sensory feedback and arousal. Virtual reality (VR) is a cutting-edge tool for probing the neural control of balance and its dependence on visual feedback, but whether VR induces neuromodulation akin to that seen in real environments (eyes open vs. closed or ground level vs. height platform) remains unclear.MethodsHere we monitored 20 healthy young adults (mean age 23.3 ± 3.2 years; 10 females) during four conditions of quiet standing. Two real world conditions (eyes open and eyes closed; REO and REC) preceded two eyes-open virtual ‘low’ (ground level; VRL) and ‘high’ (14 m height platform; VRH) conditions. We measured arousal via electrodermal activity and psychosocial questionnaires rating perceived fear and anxiety. We recorded surface electromyography over the right soleus, medial gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior, and performed force plate posturography. As a proxy for modulations in neural control, we assessed lower limb reflexive muscle responses evoked by tendon vibration and electrical stimulation.ResultsPhysiological and perceptual indicators of fear and anxiety increased in the VRH condition. Background soleus muscle activation was not different across conditions; however, significant increases in muscle activity were observed for medial gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior in VRH relative to REO. The mean power frequency of postural sway also increased in the VRH condition relative to REO. Finally, with a fixed stimulus level across conditions, mechanically evoked reflexes remained constant, while H-reflex amplitudes decreased in strength within virtual reality.DiscussionNotably, H-reflexes were lower in the VRL condition than REO, suggesting that these ostensibly similar visual environments produce different states of reflexive balance control. In summary, we provide novel evidence that VR can be used to modulate upright postural control, but caution that standing balance in analogous real and virtual environments may involve different neural control states.
Document Type: Article
Other literature type
ISSN: 1662-5161
DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1128548
Access URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37082148
https://doaj.org/article/488294b1849c4a299850155a0513f73c
Rights: CC BY
Accession Number: edsair.doi.dedup.....33ce6c8cd1365243f94601a8264bcf68
Database: OpenAIRE
Description
Abstract:IntroductionThe mechanisms regulating neuromuscular control of standing balance can be influenced by visual sensory feedback and arousal. Virtual reality (VR) is a cutting-edge tool for probing the neural control of balance and its dependence on visual feedback, but whether VR induces neuromodulation akin to that seen in real environments (eyes open vs. closed or ground level vs. height platform) remains unclear.MethodsHere we monitored 20 healthy young adults (mean age 23.3 ± 3.2 years; 10 females) during four conditions of quiet standing. Two real world conditions (eyes open and eyes closed; REO and REC) preceded two eyes-open virtual ‘low’ (ground level; VRL) and ‘high’ (14 m height platform; VRH) conditions. We measured arousal via electrodermal activity and psychosocial questionnaires rating perceived fear and anxiety. We recorded surface electromyography over the right soleus, medial gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior, and performed force plate posturography. As a proxy for modulations in neural control, we assessed lower limb reflexive muscle responses evoked by tendon vibration and electrical stimulation.ResultsPhysiological and perceptual indicators of fear and anxiety increased in the VRH condition. Background soleus muscle activation was not different across conditions; however, significant increases in muscle activity were observed for medial gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior in VRH relative to REO. The mean power frequency of postural sway also increased in the VRH condition relative to REO. Finally, with a fixed stimulus level across conditions, mechanically evoked reflexes remained constant, while H-reflex amplitudes decreased in strength within virtual reality.DiscussionNotably, H-reflexes were lower in the VRL condition than REO, suggesting that these ostensibly similar visual environments produce different states of reflexive balance control. In summary, we provide novel evidence that VR can be used to modulate upright postural control, but caution that standing balance in analogous real and virtual environments may involve different neural control states.
ISSN:16625161
DOI:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1128548