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Long-term levels of protection of different types of immunity against the Omicron variant: a rapid literature review

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Title: Long-term levels of protection of different types of immunity against the Omicron variant: a rapid literature review
Authors: Rodriguez Velásquez, Sabina, Biru, Loza Estifanos, Hakiza, Sandrine Marie, Al-Gobari, Muaamar, Triulzi, Isotta, Dalal, Jyoti, Valera, Camille Beatrice Gaza, Botero Mesa, Sara, Keiser, Olivia
Source: Swiss Medical Weekly, Vol 154, Iss 5 (2024)
Publisher Information: SMW Supporting Association, 2024.
Publication Year: 2024
Subject Terms: Immunity, Cellular, COVID-19 Vaccines, SARS-CoV-2, Vaccination, Immunization, Secondary, COVID-19 / prevention & control, COVID-19, Immunity, Humoral / immunology, Immunity, Cellular / immunology, Immunity, Humoral, 3. Good health, COVID-19 / immunology, COVID-19 Vaccines / immunology, Medicine, Humans, SARS-CoV-2 / immunology
Description: INTRODUCTION: With the emergence of newer SARS-CoV-2 variants and their substantial effects on the levels and duration of protection against infection, an understanding of these characteristics of the protection conferred by humoral and cellular immunity can aid in the proper development and implementation of vaccine and safety guidelines. METHODS: We conducted a rapid literature review and searched five electronic databases weekly from 1 November 2021 to 30 September 2022. Studies that assessed the humoral or cellular immunity conferred by infection, vaccination or a hybrid (combination of both) in adults and risk groups (immunocompromised and older populations) were identified. Studies were eligible when they reported data on immunological assays of COVID-19 (related to vaccination and/or infection) or the effectiveness of protection (related to the effectiveness of vaccination and/or infection). RESULTS: We screened 5103 studies and included 205 studies, of which 70 provided data on the duration of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. The duration of protection of adaptive immunity was greatly impacted by Omicron and its subvariants: levels of protection were low by 3–6 months from exposure to infection/vaccination. Although more durable, cellular immunity also showed signs of waning by 6 months. First and second mRNA vaccine booster doses increased the levels of protection against infection and severe disease from Omicron and its subvariants but continued to demonstrate a high degree of waning over time. CONCLUSION: All humoral immunities (infection-acquired, vaccine-acquired and hybrid) waned by 3–6 months. Cellular immunity was more durable but showed signs of waning by 6 months. Hybrid immunity had the highest magnitude of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Boosting may be recommended as early as 3–4 months after the last dose, especially in risk groups.
Document Type: Article
File Description: application/pdf
ISSN: 1424-3997
DOI: 10.57187/s.3732
Access URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38749028
https://doaj.org/article/994fcd5628d24f76a8acb1ca46ea2399
https://hdl.handle.net/11382/574695
https://doi.org/10.57187/s.3732
Rights: CC BY
CC BY NC ND
Accession Number: edsair.doi.dedup.....16aefc9d277794f6498166860d34ad5b
Database: OpenAIRE
Description
Abstract:INTRODUCTION: With the emergence of newer SARS-CoV-2 variants and their substantial effects on the levels and duration of protection against infection, an understanding of these characteristics of the protection conferred by humoral and cellular immunity can aid in the proper development and implementation of vaccine and safety guidelines. METHODS: We conducted a rapid literature review and searched five electronic databases weekly from 1 November 2021 to 30 September 2022. Studies that assessed the humoral or cellular immunity conferred by infection, vaccination or a hybrid (combination of both) in adults and risk groups (immunocompromised and older populations) were identified. Studies were eligible when they reported data on immunological assays of COVID-19 (related to vaccination and/or infection) or the effectiveness of protection (related to the effectiveness of vaccination and/or infection). RESULTS: We screened 5103 studies and included 205 studies, of which 70 provided data on the duration of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. The duration of protection of adaptive immunity was greatly impacted by Omicron and its subvariants: levels of protection were low by 3–6 months from exposure to infection/vaccination. Although more durable, cellular immunity also showed signs of waning by 6 months. First and second mRNA vaccine booster doses increased the levels of protection against infection and severe disease from Omicron and its subvariants but continued to demonstrate a high degree of waning over time. CONCLUSION: All humoral immunities (infection-acquired, vaccine-acquired and hybrid) waned by 3–6 months. Cellular immunity was more durable but showed signs of waning by 6 months. Hybrid immunity had the highest magnitude of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Boosting may be recommended as early as 3–4 months after the last dose, especially in risk groups.
ISSN:14243997
DOI:10.57187/s.3732