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Extreme-depth water-related optical imaging: conquering ultra-low illumination environments from epipelagic zone to Mariana Trench.

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Titel:	Extreme-depth water-related optical imaging: conquering ultra-low illumination environments from epipelagic zone to Mariana Trench.
Autoren:	Sun, Zhe, Tian, Tong, Hu, Haofeng, He, Yan, Shangguan, Mingjia, Yu, Tao, Yang, Qingsong, Chen, Mingliang, Wang, Xinwei, Chen, Yifan, Yao, Kanzhong, Zheng, Ye, Qian, Ye, Dou, Mingyu, Xu, Jinghan, Li, Qiang, Wu, Guojun, Li, Xuelong
Quelle:	PhotoniX; 1/13/2026, Vol. 7 Issue 1, p1-89, 89p
Schlagwörter:	UNDERWATER exploration, MARIANA Trench, OCEAN engineering, IMAGE enhancement (Imaging systems), OPTICAL images, SUBMERSIBLES, ARTIFICIAL intelligence, LIGHT propagation, BLUE lasers
Abstract:	Exploring the ocean's vast, water-related environment, covering over 70% of Earth's surface, remains a formidable challenge due to photon starvation, high-pressure extremes, and complex light-scattering effects below the photic zone. Optical imaging technologies have emerged as transformative tools for full ocean depth exploration, overcoming limitations of traditional acoustic methods through high-resolution, spectrally rich, and temporally precise observations. This review systematically surveys the physical principles, engineering constraints, and state-of-the-art developments in optical imaging from surface waters to the Mariana Trench. We analyze the role of blue-green pulsed lasers in improving imaging quality. We highlight key factors affecting light propagation in seawater. Advanced imaging modalities such as polarized imaging, range-gated imaging, single-photon imaging, streak camera techniques, and ghost imaging (GI) are examined for their capabilities to enhance visibility, resolution, and resilience in turbid, light-limited conditions. Furthermore, we introduce the progress achieved by deep-sea submersibles and their high-performance camera payloads is highlighted, alongside the burgeoning integration of artificial-intelligence-driven image enhancement and restoration frameworks. Collectively, these interdisciplinary innovations chart a new path for unlocking deep-sea frontiers, enabling ecological monitoring, resource mapping, and autonomous guidance in earth's most inaccessible water-related realms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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Datenbank:	Complementary Index

Beschreibung
Abstract:	Exploring the ocean's vast, water-related environment, covering over 70% of Earth's surface, remains a formidable challenge due to photon starvation, high-pressure extremes, and complex light-scattering effects below the photic zone. Optical imaging technologies have emerged as transformative tools for full ocean depth exploration, overcoming limitations of traditional acoustic methods through high-resolution, spectrally rich, and temporally precise observations. This review systematically surveys the physical principles, engineering constraints, and state-of-the-art developments in optical imaging from surface waters to the Mariana Trench. We analyze the role of blue-green pulsed lasers in improving imaging quality. We highlight key factors affecting light propagation in seawater. Advanced imaging modalities such as polarized imaging, range-gated imaging, single-photon imaging, streak camera techniques, and ghost imaging (GI) are examined for their capabilities to enhance visibility, resolution, and resilience in turbid, light-limited conditions. Furthermore, we introduce the progress achieved by deep-sea submersibles and their high-performance camera payloads is highlighted, alongside the burgeoning integration of artificial-intelligence-driven image enhancement and restoration frameworks. Collectively, these interdisciplinary innovations chart a new path for unlocking deep-sea frontiers, enabling ecological monitoring, resource mapping, and autonomous guidance in earth's most inaccessible water-related realms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
DOI:	10.1186/s43074-025-00212-4