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Carbonaceous Aerosol Emissions From Residential Heating in India: Field Measurements of Emission Factors and Optical Properties.

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Název: Carbonaceous Aerosol Emissions From Residential Heating in India: Field Measurements of Emission Factors and Optical Properties.
Autoři: Navinya, Chimurkar, Kapoor, Taveen Singh, Gupta, Anurag, Haswani, Diksha, Raman, Ramya Sunder, Kumari, Jyoti, Khan, Mohd Shahzar, Habib, Gazala, Venkataraman, Chandra, Phuleria, Harish C.
Zdroj: Journal of Geophysical Research. Atmospheres; 11/16/2025, Vol. 130 Issue 21, p1-13, 13p
Témata: CARBONACEOUS aerosols, RESIDENTIAL heating systems, ACQUISITION of data, OPTICAL properties, CLIMATE change, AEROSOL sampling, AIR pollution
Geografický termín: INDIA
Abstrakt: Residential activities are major contributors to global carbonaceous aerosol emissions, particularly in densely populated and low‐middle‐income countries such as India. Assessing the climatic impacts of these aerosols requires a detailed understanding of their optical properties and atmospheric abundance. Despite a strong understanding of cooking activities, residential water and space heating emissions in India remain highly uncertain. Using the field measurements, this study quantifies emission factors (EFs) and optical properties of emissions from water and space heating in India. The measured PM2.5, elemental carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC) EFs for heating range between 2.2–20.7, 0.4–2.2, and 0.8–5.5 g kg−1, respectively, are ∼2 fold higher than those for cooking. PM2.5 EFs from firewood (20.7 ± 8.5 g kg−1) are larger than those during the crop residue (7.1 ± 5.7 g kg−1) and dung cake (17.4 ± 9.8 g kg−1) burning for water heating. These emissions exhibit significant absorption, corroborated by low values of single‐scattering albedo at 532 nm ranging from 0.17 to 0.96. A large absorption Angström exponent of 1.34–2.57 suggests the presence of brown carbon. The study estimates emissions of 1,239 (±264), 309 (±88), and 88 (±30) Gg yr−1 for PM2.5, OC, and EC, respectively, from residential heating activities in India. Spatially, emission patterns from heating differ from those for cooking, with high emissions in northern hilly regions, the Indo‐Gangetic plains, and western and southern India. The derived EFs, optical properties, and high‐resolution emissions enhance the understanding of aerosol climate impacts, offering insights for regional mitigation strategies for air pollution. Plain Language Summary: In many parts of India, especially in colder and rural regions, people burn fuels like firewood, crop waste, and dung cakes to heat their homes and water for bathing. These activities release small particles into the air, called aerosols, which affect both human health and the climate. While the emissions from cooking have been well studied, heating‐related emissions remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the amount and type of pollution released due to residential heating in India, how much light these particles absorb, and how emissions vary across the country. We measured real‐world emissions from commonly used heating fuels in rural households and used these results to estimate how much pollution is being produced on a national scale. We found that heating emissions are comparable to those from cooking and comprised of particles that can absorb sunlight and contribute to warming the atmosphere. These emissions are especially high in northern and hilly regions of the country due to colder conditions. Our findings highlight the need to consider heating—not just cooking—when developing strategies to tackle air pollution and climate change issues. Key Points: Laboratory‐simulated emission factors often underestimate the real‐world emissionsResidential heating emits significant light‐absorbing carbonaceous aerosols in IndiaBrown carbon absorbs majority of the light at near‐UV wavelength [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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Databáze: Complementary Index
Popis
Abstrakt:Residential activities are major contributors to global carbonaceous aerosol emissions, particularly in densely populated and low‐middle‐income countries such as India. Assessing the climatic impacts of these aerosols requires a detailed understanding of their optical properties and atmospheric abundance. Despite a strong understanding of cooking activities, residential water and space heating emissions in India remain highly uncertain. Using the field measurements, this study quantifies emission factors (EFs) and optical properties of emissions from water and space heating in India. The measured PM2.5, elemental carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC) EFs for heating range between 2.2–20.7, 0.4–2.2, and 0.8–5.5 g kg−1, respectively, are ∼2 fold higher than those for cooking. PM2.5 EFs from firewood (20.7 ± 8.5 g kg−1) are larger than those during the crop residue (7.1 ± 5.7 g kg−1) and dung cake (17.4 ± 9.8 g kg−1) burning for water heating. These emissions exhibit significant absorption, corroborated by low values of single‐scattering albedo at 532 nm ranging from 0.17 to 0.96. A large absorption Angström exponent of 1.34–2.57 suggests the presence of brown carbon. The study estimates emissions of 1,239 (±264), 309 (±88), and 88 (±30) Gg yr−1 for PM2.5, OC, and EC, respectively, from residential heating activities in India. Spatially, emission patterns from heating differ from those for cooking, with high emissions in northern hilly regions, the Indo‐Gangetic plains, and western and southern India. The derived EFs, optical properties, and high‐resolution emissions enhance the understanding of aerosol climate impacts, offering insights for regional mitigation strategies for air pollution. Plain Language Summary: In many parts of India, especially in colder and rural regions, people burn fuels like firewood, crop waste, and dung cakes to heat their homes and water for bathing. These activities release small particles into the air, called aerosols, which affect both human health and the climate. While the emissions from cooking have been well studied, heating‐related emissions remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the amount and type of pollution released due to residential heating in India, how much light these particles absorb, and how emissions vary across the country. We measured real‐world emissions from commonly used heating fuels in rural households and used these results to estimate how much pollution is being produced on a national scale. We found that heating emissions are comparable to those from cooking and comprised of particles that can absorb sunlight and contribute to warming the atmosphere. These emissions are especially high in northern and hilly regions of the country due to colder conditions. Our findings highlight the need to consider heating—not just cooking—when developing strategies to tackle air pollution and climate change issues. Key Points: Laboratory‐simulated emission factors often underestimate the real‐world emissionsResidential heating emits significant light‐absorbing carbonaceous aerosols in IndiaBrown carbon absorbs majority of the light at near‐UV wavelength [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
ISSN:2169897X
DOI:10.1029/2025JD044270