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Differential Effects of Wildfire Smoke Fine Particulate Matter Exposure on Respiratory Disease Emergency Department Visits in the Western United States.

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Název: Differential Effects of Wildfire Smoke Fine Particulate Matter Exposure on Respiratory Disease Emergency Department Visits in the Western United States.
Autoři: Wang, Wenhao, Li, Linzi, Zhu, Qingyang, D'Souza, Rohan Richard, Zhang, Danlu, Zhang, Haisu, Ebelt, Stefanie, Chang, Howard H., Alonso, Alvaro, Liu, Yang
Zdroj: American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine; Nov2025, Vol. 211 Issue 11, p2086-2095, 10p
Témata: PARTICULATE matter, RESPIRATORY diseases, RESPIRATORY infections, CHRONIC obstructive pulmonary disease, EMERGENCY room visits, PUBLIC health, WILDFIRES, ASTHMA
Geografický termín: WEST (U.S.), UNITED States
Abstrakt: Rationale: Wildfires significantly affect air quality in the western United States. Although prior research has linked wildfire smoke fine particulate matter (i.e., aerodynamic diameter ≦2.5 μm [PM2.5]) to respiratory health outcomes, these studies typically have limited geographic and temporal coverage, lacking evidence from multiple states over extended periods. Objectives: To examine the differential acute effects of wildfire smoke and nonsmoke PM2.5 exposure on respiratory disease emergency department visits in the western United States. Methods: We obtained data on more than 6 million emergency department visits for respiratory diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, upper respiratory infections (URIs), and bronchitis, from five states in the western United States during 2007–2018. Daily exposure to wildfire smoke and nonsmoke PM2.5 was estimated using a state-of-the-art model system. A time-stratified case cross-over design with conditional logistic regression models was used to assess the acute respiratory effects of smoke and nonsmoke PM2.5 exposure. Measurements and Main Results: The odds ratios associated with a 1-μg/m³ increase in the 3-day average wildfire smoke PM2.5 were 1.016 (95% confidence interval, 1.015–1.016) for asthma, 1.004 (1.003–1.005) for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 1.001 (1.000–1.011) for URIs, and 1.004 (1.004–1.004) for bronchitis. Wildfire smoke PM2.5 had stronger estimated effects than nonsmoke PM2.5, particularly for asthma (nonsmoke PM2.5: odds ratio, 1.002; 95% confidence interval, 1.001–1.004). Stratified analyses showed greater vulnerability among women and adults. Sensitivity analyses confirmed robust associations across exposure windows, and concentration–response functions suggested no clear threshold for adverse effects. Conclusions: Wildfire smoke PM2.5 was associated with increased risks of acute respiratory outcomes. Stronger effects were observed from smoke PM2.5 than nonsmoke PM2.5, particularly for asthma and URIs. These findings underscore the need for targeted public health interventions and further research into the unique toxicological properties of wildfire emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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Abstrakt:Rationale: Wildfires significantly affect air quality in the western United States. Although prior research has linked wildfire smoke fine particulate matter (i.e., aerodynamic diameter ≦2.5 μm [PM<subscript>2.5</subscript>]) to respiratory health outcomes, these studies typically have limited geographic and temporal coverage, lacking evidence from multiple states over extended periods. Objectives: To examine the differential acute effects of wildfire smoke and nonsmoke PM<subscript>2.5</subscript> exposure on respiratory disease emergency department visits in the western United States. Methods: We obtained data on more than 6 million emergency department visits for respiratory diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, upper respiratory infections (URIs), and bronchitis, from five states in the western United States during 2007–2018. Daily exposure to wildfire smoke and nonsmoke PM<subscript>2.5</subscript> was estimated using a state-of-the-art model system. A time-stratified case cross-over design with conditional logistic regression models was used to assess the acute respiratory effects of smoke and nonsmoke PM<subscript>2.5</subscript> exposure. Measurements and Main Results: The odds ratios associated with a 1-μg/m³ increase in the 3-day average wildfire smoke PM<subscript>2.5</subscript> were 1.016 (95% confidence interval, 1.015–1.016) for asthma, 1.004 (1.003–1.005) for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 1.001 (1.000–1.011) for URIs, and 1.004 (1.004–1.004) for bronchitis. Wildfire smoke PM<subscript>2.5</subscript> had stronger estimated effects than nonsmoke PM<subscript>2.5</subscript>, particularly for asthma (nonsmoke PM<subscript>2.5</subscript>: odds ratio, 1.002; 95% confidence interval, 1.001–1.004). Stratified analyses showed greater vulnerability among women and adults. Sensitivity analyses confirmed robust associations across exposure windows, and concentration–response functions suggested no clear threshold for adverse effects. Conclusions: Wildfire smoke PM<subscript>2.5</subscript> was associated with increased risks of acute respiratory outcomes. Stronger effects were observed from smoke PM<subscript>2.5</subscript> than nonsmoke PM<subscript>2.5</subscript>, particularly for asthma and URIs. These findings underscore the need for targeted public health interventions and further research into the unique toxicological properties of wildfire emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
ISSN:1073449X
DOI:10.1164/rccm.202502-0350OC