Global burden of lower respiratory infections and aetiologies, 1990-2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023.
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| Titel: | Global burden of lower respiratory infections and aetiologies, 1990-2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023. |
|---|---|
| Körperschaften: | GBD 2023 Lower Respiratory Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators |
| Quelle: | The Lancet. Infectious diseases [Lancet Infect Dis] 2025 Dec 15. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Dec 15. |
| Publication Model: | Ahead of Print |
| Publikationsart: | Journal Article |
| Sprache: | English |
| Info zur Zeitschrift: | Publisher: Elsevier Science Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101130150 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1474-4457 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14733099 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Lancet Infect Dis Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: New York, NY : Elsevier Science ; The Lancet Pub. Group, 2001- |
| Abstract: | Background: Lower respiratory infections (LRIs) remain the world's leading infectious cause of death. This analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 provides global, regional, and national estimates of LRI incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with attribution to 26 pathogens, including 11 newly modelled pathogens, across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2023. With new data and revised modelling techniques, these estimates serve as an update and expansion to GBD 2021. Through these estimates, we also aimed to assess progress towards the 2025 Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD) target for pneumonia mortality in children younger than 5 years. Methods: Mortality from LRIs, defined as physician-diagnosed pneumonia or bronchiolitis, was estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model with data from vital registration, verbal autopsy, surveillance, and minimally invasive tissue sampling. The Bayesian meta-regression tool DisMod-MR 2.1 was used to model overall morbidity due to LRIs. DALYs were calculated as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs) for all locations, years, age groups, and sexes. We modelled pathogen-specific case-fatality ratios (CFRs) for each age group and location using splined binomial regression to create internally consistent estimates of incidence and mortality proportions attributable to viral, fungal, parasitic, and bacterial pathogens. Progress was assessed towards the GAPPD target of less than three deaths from pneumonia per 1000 livebirths, which is roughly equivalent to a mortality rate of less than 60 deaths per 100 000 children younger than 5 years. Findings: In 2023, LRIs were responsible for 2·50 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·24-2·81) deaths and 98·7 million (87·7-112) DALYs, with children younger than 5 years and adults aged 70 years and older carrying the highest burden. LRI mortality in children younger than 5 years fell by 33·4% (10·4-47·4) since 2010, with a global mortality rate of 94·8 (75·6-116·4) per 100 000 person-years in 2023. Among adults aged 70 years and older, the burden remained substantial with only marginal declines since 2010. A mortality rate of less than 60 deaths per 100 000 for children younger than 5 years was met by 129 of the 204 modelled countries in 2023. At a super-regional level, sub-Saharan Africa had an aggregate mortality rate in children younger than 5 years (hereafter referred to as under-5 mortality rate) furthest from the GAPPD target. Streptococcus pneumoniae continued to account for the largest number of LRI deaths globally (634 000 [95% UI 565 000-721 000] deaths or 25·3% [24·5-26·1] of all LRI deaths), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (271 000 [243 000-298 000] deaths or 10·9% [10·3-11·3]), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (228 000 [204 000-261 000] deaths or 9·1% [8·8-9·5]). Among pathogens newly modelled in this study, non-tuberculous mycobacteria (responsible for 177 000 [95% UI 155 000-201 000] deaths) and Aspergillus spp (responsible for 67 800 [59 900-75 900] deaths) emerged as important contributors. Altogether, the 11 newly modelled pathogens accounted for approximately 22% of LRI deaths. Interpretation: This comprehensive analysis underscores both the gains achieved through vaccination and the challenges that remain in controlling the LRI burden globally. Furthermore, it demonstrates persistent disparities in disease burden, with the highest mortality rates concentrated in countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Globally, as well as in these high-burden locations, the under-5 LRI mortality rate remains well above the GAPPD target. Progress towards this target requires equitable access to vaccines and preventive therapies-including newer interventions such as respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibodies-and health systems capable of early diagnosis and treatment. Expanding surveillance of emerging pathogens, strengthening adult immunisation programmes, and combating vaccine hesitancy are also crucial. As the global population ages, the dual challenge of sustaining gains in child survival while addressing the rising vulnerability in older adults will shape future pneumonia control strategies. Funding: Gates Foundation. (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.) |
| Competing Interests: | Declaration of interests S Afzal reports support for the present manuscript from the Institute of Public Health Lahore; honoraria for expertise, lectures, visiting speakers and educational seminars provided by the Dean Institute of Public Health Lahore; support for attending meetings and travel provided by the Dean Institute of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan; participation on a data and safety monitoring board or advisory board as a member of the Pakistan National Bioethics Committee, member of the Institutional Review Board of Fatima Jinnah Medical University, member of the Ethical Review Board and Data Monitoring Board Institute of Public Health Lahore Pakistan, in charge of Clinical Research Organization King Edward Medical University; leadership or fiduciary roles as a member of the Pakistan Higher Education Commission Research Committee, member of the Pakistan Medical and Dental Commission Research and Journals Committee, member of the Pakistan Society of Internal Medicine, member of the Pakistan Association of Medical Editors, member of the Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Society, Fellow of Leads International, Fellow of Faculty of Public Health UK, Fellow of College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan; receipt of computer software and equipment from Bergen University Norway for research writing; other financial or non-financial support from the Dean Public Health and Preventive Medicine King Edward Medical University; outside the submitted work. A Ahmed reports support for the present manuscript from the US National Institute of Mental Health (RO1MH126768). R Ancuceanu reports consulting fees from AbbVie and Merck Romania; payment or honoraria from AbbVie, Laropharm, Reckitt, and Merck Romania; support for meetings or travel, or both, from Merck Romania and Reckitt; outside the submitted work. M S Aslam reports two grants from Xiamen University Malaysia Research Fund (XMUMRF). Grant: XMUMRF/2025-C15/ITCM/0006. Project title: Therapeutic and Toxicity Evaluation of Selected Medicinal Herbs for NAFLD: Exploring the Inter-Organelle Contact Sites Modulation. Theory Role: Co-Investigator Dates: Jan 2025 - Dec 2027 (ongoing). Internal XMUMRF research grant administered by Xiamen University Malaysia, funds disbursed to institutional research accounts only; no salary, honoraria, or personal payments to author. Grant: XMUMRF/2023-C11/ISEM/0041. Project title: Children's Rights Education in the Early Years of Divorce: An Exploration of Adolescents' Perspectives. Role: Co-Investigator Dates: Jan 2023–Dec 2025 (ongoing). Internal XMUMRF research grant administered by Xiamen University Malaysia; funds disbursed to institutional research account only; no salary, honoraria, or personal payments to author; all outside the submitted work. M L Bell reports grants or contracts from US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA; paid to institution), US National Institutes of Health (NIH; paid to institution), Hutchinson Postdoctoral Fellowship (paid to institution), Health Effects Institute (paid to institution), Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (paid to institution), and internal Yale funding; consulting fees from Clinique and ToxiMap; payment or honoraria (lectures, speakers etc.) from Colorado School of Public Health, Duke University, University of Texas, Data4Justice, Korea University, University of Pennsylvania, Brown University, Northeastern University: honorarium for speaker. IOP Publishing: honorarium for editorial duties. NIH, Health Canada, EHS: honorarium for grant review. University of Texas, FNRS Korea University Harvard University, University of Montana SciQuest: honorarium paid to MLB for research; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from Colorado School of Public Health, University of Texas, Duke University, Harvard University, American Journal of Public Health, Columbia University, Harvard, CMAS conference, Nature Conference, Boston University, Northeastern University: travel reimbursement. No payment; leadership or fiduciary role in other organizations with the US EPA Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC): honorarium paid to M L Bell. Johns Hopkins EHE Advisory Board: no payment. Harvard external advisory committee for training grant: no payment. WHO Global Air Pollution and Health Technical Advisory group: no payment. National Academies Panels and Committees: no payment; outside the submitted work. P J G Bettencourt reports the following patents: WO2020229805A1, BR112021022592A2, EP3965809A1, OA1202100511, US2023173050A1, EP4265271A2, EP4275700A2, EP4265271A3, EP4275700A3; outside the submitted work. S Bhaskar reports grants or contracts from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI; grant ID 23KF0126), JSPS and the Australian Academy of Science, JSPS International Fellowship (grant ID P23712); leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid as District Chair, Diversity, Equity, Inclusion & Belonging of Rotary District 9675 (Sydney, Australia), as Chair, Founding Member and Manager of the Global Health & Migration Hub Community, Global Health Hub Germany (Berlin, Germany), as Editorial Board Member of PLOS One, BMC Neurology, Frontiers in Neurology, Frontiers in Stroke, Frontiers in Public Health, Journal of Aging Research, Neurology International, Diagnostics, and BMC Medical Research Methodology; as a member of the College of Reviewers, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Government of Canada; as the Director of Research of World Headache Society (Bengaluru, India); as Expert Adviser/Reviewer of Cariplo Foundation (Milan, Italy); as Visiting Director of National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Department of Neurology, Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, Suita (Osaka, Japan); as Member, Scientific Review Committee of Cardiff University Biobank (Cardiff, UK); as Chair of Rotary Reconciliation Action Plan; and Healthcare and Medical Adviser at Japan Connect (Osaka, Japan); outside the submitted work. M Del Riccio reports consulting fees from Sanofi; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Sanofi, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, MSD, CSL Seqirus, Moderna; leadership or fiduciary role with the Global Influenza Initiative (GII), Adult Immunization Board (AIB); outside the submitted work. B D Gessner reports payment or honoraria from Sinovac; honoraria for attending Global Health Conference; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from Sinovac (support for attending congress); stock or stock options in Pfizer (employed by Pfizer through May 2025 and owns Pfizer stock); outside the submitted work. Z B Harboe reports a leadership or fiduciary role with the Vaccine Study Group (EVASG), European Society of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID); outside the submitted work. A Hassan reports consulting fees from Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, Biologix, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Merz, Roche, Merck, Hikma Pharma, Janssen, Inspire Pharma, Future Pharma, and Elixir Pharma; payment or honoraria from Novartis, Allergan, AbbVie, Merck, Biologix, Viatris, Pfizer, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Bayer, AstraZeneca, Hikma Pharma, Al Andalus, Chemipharm, Lundbeck, Elixir, EvaPharma, Inspire Pharma, Future Pharma and Habib Scientific Office, and Everpharma; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from Novartis, Allergan, Merz, Pfizer, Merck, Biologix, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Bayer, Hikma Pharma, Chemipharm, and Al Andalus and Clavita Pharma; leadership or fiduciary role in other organizations as Vice President of MENA headache society, board member of the Multiple Sclerosis chapter of the Egyptian Society of Neurology, board member of the Headache chapter of the Egyptian Society of Neurology, Member of committee of Education of the International Headache Society (IHS), membership committee of IHS, and regional committee of IHS; outside the submitted work. C Herteliu reports grants or contracts from a project “Analysis of the impact of Covid-19 on the main demographic indicators in Romania and the Republic of Moldova by using econometric modeling” (code PN-IV-P8-8.3-ROMD-2023-0208) funded by the Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization (MCID) through UEFISCDI; partially supported by a grant of the European Commision Horizon 4P-CAN (Personalised Cancer Primary Prevention Research through Citizen Participation and Digitally Enabled Social Innovation); partially supported by the project “Societal and Economic Resilience within multi-hazards environment in Romania” funded by European Union – NextgenerationEU; partially supported by the project “A better understanding of socio- economic systems using quantitative methods from Physics” funded by European Union-Romanian Government, under National Recovery and Resilience Plan for Romania (contract number 760050/ 23.05.2023, code PNRR-C9-I8-CF 267/29.11.2022), through the Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization, within Component 9, Investment I8; and supported by NextgenerationEU and Romanian Government, under National Recovery and Resilience Plan for Romania (contract number 760034/23.05.2023, code PNRR-C9-I8-CF 255/ 29.11.2022), through the Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization, within Component 9, Investment I8, outside the submitted work. I Ilic reports support for the present manuscript from the Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia (number 451-03-137/2025-03/200110). M Ilic reports support for the present manuscript from the Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia (number 451-03-47/2023-01/200111). P Ionela-Roxana reports grant or contract support from the project “Societal and Economic Resilience within multi-hazards environment in Romania” funded by European Union - NextgenerationEU and Romanian Government, under National Recovery and Resilience Plan for Romania (contract number 760050/23.05.2023, code PNRR-C9-I8-CF 267/29.11.2022), through the Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization, within Component 9, Investment I8, outside the submitted work. N E Ismail reports a leadership or fiduciary role as the Bursar and Council Member of the Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy in Malaysia (unpaid), as a Committee Member of the Malaysian Pharmacists Society Education Chapter Committee (unpaid), and as Deputy President of Information Technology Service Management Forum (itSMF) Malaysia Chapter (unpaid); outside the submitted work. M K Kashyap reports grants or contracts from the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi (grant number 5/13/55/2020/NCD-III); and two Indian patents pending (2023-1100-3940 and 2023-1105-8515); outside the submitted work. J H Kempen reports support for the present manuscript from Sight for Souls and the Mass Eye and Ear Global Surgery Program; leadership or fiduciary roles in other organizations with Sight for Souls as the Board of Directors President; stock or stock options in Betaliq (startup developing a new eye drop technology and a new beta blocker eye drop) and Tarsier (startup developing a novel anti-inflammatory eyedrop), outside the submitted work. K Krishan reports non-financial support from the UGC Centre of Advanced Study, CAS II, awarded to the Department of Anthropology, and RUSA 2.O grant awarded to Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, outside the submitted work. J Liu reports support for the present manuscript from the National Natural Science Foundation (72474005) and Beijing Natural Science Foundation (L222027); grants or contracts from the National Natural Science Foundation (72474005) and Beijing Natural Science Foundation (L222027), outside the submitted work. H Liu reports other financial or non-financial support as a mentor of the National Medical Research Association (NMRA, UK), a member of British Society for Cardiovascular Research (BSCR, UK), and a member of Cardiovascular Analytics Group (CVAG, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China). These are non-profit academic associations and outside the submitted work. X K Lu reports grants or contracts from “Trajectory of Patients with Treatment Resistant Depression” (Merck; PI), “Repurposing Antihypertensive Drugs in Routine Care to Reduce Dementia Risk” (Alzheimer's Association; PI), and “Safety Assessment of Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System” (American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy; Mentor); payment or honoraria from the University of Florida College of Pharmacy for Pharmacoeconomics lectures; outside the submitted work. K Ma reports grants or contracts from the International Team for Implantology, outside the submitted work. P Maffia reports grants or contracts with the British Heart Foundation, NextGenerationEU Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza, Heart Research UK, Italian Ministry of University Progetti di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council International Partnerships Funding, and Scottish Founding Council, and a contract with Elsevier for services as Associate Editor of Pharmacological Research; payment or honoraria for grant reviewing from the European Commission, ANR, Italian Ministry of Health, NC3Rs, Paris Region FP, and Novo Nordisk Foundation; and honoraria for PhD thesis examinations from the University of Cambridge and Monash University; leadership or fiduciary roles as the Vice-President and Chair of the Engagement Committee for the British Pharmacological Society (BPS), Vice-Chair of the Basic and Translational Section for the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR), and Chair of the Translational Research Medical Review Panel for Heart Research UK (HRUK); additional leadership or fiduciary roles as a Nucleus Member of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Working Group on Atherosclerosis & Vascular Biology and Cell Biology of the Heart and on the Executive Committee of the British Atherosclerosis Society (BAS), Vice-Chair of the Immunotherapy Committee and Chair of the Publication Committee of the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS), and a member of the Translational Clinical Studies (TCS) Grant Panel for the Chief Scientist Office (CSO). P Maffia also serves as the co-Director of the ARUA/Guild Africa-Europe CoRE in Non-Communicable Diseases & Multimorbidity, Deputy Editor of Cardiovascular Research, Associate Editor of Pharmacological Research, and Editor-in-Chief of the Human Health Section of Frontiers for Young Minds; all outside the submitted work. H R Marateb reports grants or contracts from Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech – UPC; outside the submitted work. M Marks-Hultström reports grants or contracts from the Swedish Heart Lung Foundation and the Regional Health Authority Research Foundation for Middle Sweden; royalties or licenses for the Book ‘Intensivvård’; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from the American Physiological Society and the Swedish Intensive Care Society; leadership or fiduciary role with the American Physiological Society (unpaid); outside the submitted work. R J Maude reports support for the present manuscript from the Wellcome Trust; this research was supported in part by the Wellcome Trust (grant number 220211) as it provides core funding for Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research and contributes to R J Maude's salary. R J Maude is required by Wellcome to acknowledge this grant in all publications. S A Meo reports grants or contracts from the Ongoing Research Funding Program (ORF-2025-47), King Saud University (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia); outside the submitted work. L Monasta reports support for the present manuscript from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente 34/2017), payments made to the Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”. J Mosser reports support for the present manuscript from the Gates Foundation; grants or contracts from the Gates Foundation; payment or honoraria from Providence Health & Services honorarium for continuing medical education presentation; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from the Gates Foundation. S Nomura reports support for the present manuscript from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (24H00663) grant, and from the Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology Grant from the Japan Science and Technology Agency. B Oancea reports support for the present manuscript from the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization through the Core Program of the National Research, Development and Innovation Plan 2022–2027, project number PN 23-02-0101, Contract number 7N/2023. S K Panda reports support for the present manuscript from Siksha ‘O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University) for payment of salary, and grants or contracts from file number 17-59/2023-24/CCRH/Tech./Coll./ICMR-Diabetes/960 as Co-Investigator. G D Panos reports support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from Roche HELLAS and Bayer Greece; outside the submitted work. R Passera reports participation on a data and safety monitoring board or advisory board as member of the data safety monitoring board dello studio “Consolidation with ADCT-402 (loncastuximab tesirine) after immunochemotherapy: a phase II study in BTKi- treated/ineligible Relapse/Refractory Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) patients' - FIL, Fondazione Italiana Linfomi, Alessandria, Italy (no payment received); leadership or fiduciary role as a member of the EBMT Statistical Committee, European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Paris, France (no payment received); outside the submitted work. X Qi reports support for the present manuscript from the US National Institute on Aging (grant R01AG089856). Y L Samodra reports grants or contracts from School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University for a Doctoral scholarship; Leadership or fiduciary role with Benang (benangmerah.net) Merah Research Center; other financial or non-financial support from Jago Beasiswa (idebeasiswa.com) as a scholarship and academic consultant; outside the submitted work. H Samra reports support for the present manuscript from the Department of Botany, Bodoland University, Kokrajhar, Assam, India. V Sharma reports support from the Directorate of Forensic Science Services (DFSS) Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) research project (DFSS28(1)2019/EMR/6) at the Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and RUSA grant to Panjab University by Ministry of Education, Government of India, outside the submitted work. J I Shin reports support for the present manuscript from the Yonsei Fellowship, funded by Lee Youn Jae. V Shivarov reports patents planned, issued, or pending from the Bulgarian Patent Office; other financial or non-financial support from ICON (salary); outside the submitted work. L M L R D Silva reports grants or contracts with SPRINT - Sport Physical Activity and Health Research e Innovation Center, Polytechnic of Guarda, 6300-559 6 Guarda, Portugal; and collaboration with RISE–UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal, outside the submitted work. C Simpson reports grants or contracts from the Health Research Council of New Zealand (grant to institution), Ministry of Health, New Zealand (grant to institution), Ministry of Business, Innovation, and Employment, New Zealand (grant to institution), Chief Scientist Office, UK (grant to institution), and the Medical Research Council, UK (grant to institution); outside the submitted work. J A Singh reports consulting fees from ROMTech, Atheneum, Clearview Healthcare Partners, American College of Rheumatology, Yale, Hulio, Horizon Pharmaceuticals, DINORA, ANI/Exeltis, USA Inc., Frictionless Solutions, Schipher, Crealta/Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, PK Med, Two labs, Adept Field Solutions, Clinical Care options, Putnam Associates, Focus Forward, Navigant Consulting, Spherix, MedIQ, Jupiter Life Science, UBM LLC, Trio Health, Medscape, WebMD, Practice Point communications, and the NIH; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Simply Speaking; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from OMERACT as a past steering committee member; participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with the US Food and Drug Administration Arthritis Advisory Committee as a member, no financial support; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid as a past steering committee member of OMERACT; stock or stock options in Atai life sciences, Kintara therapeutics, Intelligent Biosolutions, Acumen Pharmaceutical, TPT Global Tech, Vaxart Pharmaceuticals, Atyu Biopharma, Adaptimmune Therapeutics, GeoVax Labs, Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Enzolytics, Seres Therapeutics, Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp., Aebona Pharmaceuticals, and Charlotte's Web Holdings, and previously owned stock options in Amarin, Viking, and Moderna Pharmaceuticals; all outside the submitted work. S Singh reports support for the present manuscript from the Indian Council of Medical Research (Project ID: 2021-6329). J B Soriano reports other financial or non financial support from the network Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; outside the submitted work. J H V Ticoalu reports leadership or fiduciary role in other organisations from Benang (benangmerah.net) Merah Research Center; outside the submitted work. S J Tromans reports grants or contracts from part of the 2023/4 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey team, collecting epidemiological data on community-based adults living in England. This is a contracted study from NHS Digital, via the Department of Health and Social Care. S J Tromans has also contributed to multiple chapters of the 2023/4 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey report, payments made to the University of Leicester. S J Tromans led a study funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research Clinical Research Network, on optimising survey design for people with learning disability and autistic people, payments made to the University of Leicester. S J Tromans led a study from the National Institute for Health and Care Research related to reviewing a national training programme for health and social care professionals relating to learning disability and autism, payments made to the University of Leicester. S J Tromans was co-applicant on study funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research related to identification, recording, and reasonable adjustments for people with a learning disability and autistic people in NHS electronic clinical record systems, payments made to the University of Leicester. S J Tromans was co-applicant on a study funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research related to medication support interventions and strategies for people with learning disabilities, payments made to the University of Leicester. S J Tromans was lead applicant on a study funded by the Baily Thomas Charitable Fund investigating barriers, enablers, and interventions to facilitate deprescribing for people with intellectual disability, payments made to the University of Leicester. S J Tromans reports support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from the Royal College of Psychiatrists for accommodation and travel to conference events due to their role as academic secretary in the faculty of the Psychiatry of Intellectual Disability, as well as additional conference fees waived for Royal College of Psychiatrists; leadership or fiduciary roles as Academic Secretary for the Neurodevelopmental Psychiatry Special Interest Group and Psychiatry of Intellectual Disability Faculty at the Royal College of Psychiatrists; Associate Editor for Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities. Editorial Board Member for Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry, Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disability, Advances in Autism, BMC Psychiatry, and BJPsych Open (no payments received for these roles); royalties received as Editor of Psychiatry of Intellectual Disability Across Cultures (Oxford University Press); outside the submitted work. V S Tseriotis reports grants or contracts from the European Academy of Neurology, European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from Inovis, Genesis Pharma, and Novartis; outside the submitted work. E Upadhyay reports the following published patents: “A system and method of reusable filters for anti-pollution mask”, “A system and method for electricity generation through crop stubble by using microbial fuel cells”, “A system for disposed personal protection equipment (PPE) into biofuel through pyrolysis and method”, “A novel herbal pharmaceutical aid for formulation of gel and method thereof”, “Herbal drug formulation for treating lung tissue degenerated by particulate matter exposure”, and the following filed patents: “A method to transform cow dung into the wall paint by using natural materials and composition thereof”, “Biodegradable packaging composition and method of preparation thereof”, “Eco-friendly bio-shoe polish from banana and turmeric”, “Honey-based polyherbal syrup composition to treat air pollution-induced inflammation and preparation method thereof”, “Process for preparing a caffeine free, antioxidant and nutrient rich beverage”; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, as Executive Council Member of the Indian Meteorological Society, Jaipur Chapter (India) and as Member Secretary of the DSTPURSE Program; all outside the submitted work. G Zamagni reports support for the present manuscript from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente 34/2017), payments made to the Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”. M Zielinska reports other financial or non-financial support as an Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease employee, outside the submitted work. All other authors declare no competing interests. |
| Contributed Indexing: | Investigator: SB Sirota, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; RG Bender, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.; RV Dominguez, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; A Movo, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; LR Swetschinski, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; DT Araki, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.; C Han, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; EE Wool, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; J He, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; A Carter, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; A A J Jabbar, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq.; MA Aalipour, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; H Aalruz, Department of Nursing, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.; Z Abbasi Dolatabadi, Department of Medical-surgical Nursing, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; H Abbastabar, Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; S Abd ElHafeez, Department of Epidemiology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.; AN Abdalla, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-qura University, Makka, Saudi Arabia.; MA Abdalla, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK.; Abdullah, Medicine Department, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.; EM Abdallah, Department of Biology, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.; NMI Abdel Razeq, School of Nursing, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.; A Abdelkader, Department of Mathematics and Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.; S Abd-Elsalam, Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.; SI Abdelwahab, Health Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.; M Abdoun, Department of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria; Department of Health, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria.; A Abdous, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.; MM Abdrabou, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.; JM Abdul Aziz, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Baxshin Hospital, Baxshin Research Center, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.; DM Abdulah, Community and Maternity Nursing Unit, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq.; A Abdullahi, Department of Physiotherapy, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University Wukari, Wukari, Nigeria.; T Abdul-Rahman, Department of Research, Toufik's World Medical Association, Sumy, Ukraine.; K Abdykerimova, Department of General Surgery and Clinical Anatomy, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; H Abebe Getahun, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.; A Abedi, Department of Emergency Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.; AA Abejew, School of Pharmacy, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; SH Abidi, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan.; OZ Abil, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, USA; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia.; O Abiodun, Department of Community Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria.; RG Aboagye, Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; H Abolhassani, Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.; US Abonie, Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK.; AT Aborode, Department of Research and Development, Healthy Africans Platform, Ibadan, Nigeria.; NM Abourashed, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt.; D Abtahi, Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; Z Abu, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; RK Abu Farha, Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics Department, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan.; FHA Abuadas, Community Health Nursing Department, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia.; AK Abubakar, Graduate School of Public Health, St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Population Data Science, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan.; U Abubakar, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Practice, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.; N Abu-Elala, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, King Salman International University, Rus Sudr, Egypt.; E Abu-Gharbieh, Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.; AY Abuhelwa, Department Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.; HJ Abukhadijah, Clinical Trials Unit, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Genomics and Precision Medicine Program, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.; D Abushanab, Department of Pharmacy, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.; AB Acharya, Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.; KP Acharya, Department of Livestock Services (DLS), Government of Nepal (GoN), Lalitpur, Nepal.; S Acharya, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India.; M Achore, Department of Population Health, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA.; O Adal, Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; LC Adams, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.; IY Addo, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; TA Adebisi, Department of Microbiology, Ladoke Akintola University, Osogbo, Nigeria; NMC Healthcare, Independent Consultant, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.; D Adedia, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.; KA Adedokun, Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA; Graduate Program Division, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.; NA Adegoke, Translational Research Team, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; V Adekanmbi, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.; OT Adeleke, Department of Family Medicine, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria; Department of Family Medicine, Bowen University Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.; MA Adesina, Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy, Slum and Rural Health Initiative, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Physiotherapy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.; RO Adesola, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.; CO Adetunji, Department of Microbiology, Edo State University Uzairue, Iyamho, Nigeria.; JB Adetunji, Department of Biochemistry, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria.; IP Adewumi, University of Medical Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria.; MT Adhana, School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.; RK Adhikary, Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh; Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.; A Adiba, Department of Biotechnology, National Agricultural Research Institute, Morocco, Beni Mellal, Morocco.; U Adiga, Apollo Institute Of Medical Sciences & Research Chittoor, Apollo Hospital, Chittoor, India.; M Adnan, Department of Biology, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; QES Adnani, Department of Public Health, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.; G Affinito, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy.; S Afzal, Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan.; GB Agafari, Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia.; N Aggarwal, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala, India.; PD Agordoh, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.; A Agrawal, Trivedi School of Biosciences, Ashoka University, Sonipat, India.; W Agyemang-Duah, Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.; M Ahadi, Rajaie Trauma Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; BO Ahinkorah, School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; AA Ahmad, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mawz, Oman.; A Ahmad, College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia.; D Ahmad, School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, NSW, Australia.; F Ahmad, Biological Production Unit National Institute of Health Islamabad Pakistan, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan; World Health Organization, World Health Organisation, Islamabad, Pakistan.; I Ahmad, College of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan, Peshawar, Pakistan.; K Ahmad, Department of Health Informatics, Qassim University, Buraidha, Saudi Arabia.; MM Ahmad, School of Nursing, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.; R Ahmad, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; Department of Pharmacy Practice, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.; S Ahmad, Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon.; T Ahmad, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Community Health Sciences, Sohail University, Karachi, Pakistan.; A Ahmadi, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; M Ahmadi, Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; A Ahmed, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan; Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health (IDGPH), University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.; A Ahmed, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Pan-African One Health Institute (PAOHI), Kigali, Rwanda.; GS Ahmed, Medical Laboratory Science Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.; H Ahmed, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.; MS Ahmed, College of Nursing, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia.; MS Ahmed, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq.; M Ahmed, Department of Medicine, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.; N Ahmed, Department of Assistance Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.; S Ahmed, Department of Medicine, Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry, Lahore, Pakistan.; SA Ahmed, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.; I Ahmed El-Imam, Center for International Health, Education and Biosecurity, Center for International Health Education, and Biosecurity, Abuja, Nigeria; University of Maryland, Baltimore, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA.; O Akeju, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.; RE Akhigbe, Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.; MN Akhtar, University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.; K Akinosoglou, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece; Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece.; H Akram, Department of Infection Prevention & Control, Baylor Scott & White Health, Frisco, TX, USA; VentrureBlick.; S Al Awaidy, Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman; Middle East, Eurasia, and Africa Influenza Stakeholders Network, Muscat, Oman.; SM Al Hasan, Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.; MAM Al Zoubi, School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA.; MA Al-Abbadi, The University of Jordan School of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.; MM Alajlani, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Sham Private University, Damascus, Syria.; Z Al-Aly, Department of Research and Development, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Clinical Epidemiology Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), St. Louis, MO, USA.; K Alam, Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.; MK Alam, Preventive Dentistry Department, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia.; FM Alanezi, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.; TM Alanzi, Department of Health Information Management and Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.; JO Alao, School of Public Health and Interdisciplinary studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.; A Alarifi, Deputyship of Population Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Longevity Society, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; FY Al-Ashwal, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Al-Ayen Iraqi University, Thi-Qar, Iraq; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Yemen.; SMA Alavi, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.; M Albashtawy, Department of Community and Mental Health, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan.; MT AlBataineh, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.; N Al-Dewik, Translational and Precision Medicine Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.; WA Aldhaleei, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.; SM Aleidi, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.; F Alemnew, Department of Midwifery, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; AM Alfalki, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.; AM Algammal, Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.; A Alhumaidi, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.; FA Alhumaydhi, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.; HM Ali, Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan.; K Ali, College of Dental Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.; L Ali, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan.; M Ali, School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan.; MD Ali, Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.; MU Ali, Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.; R Ali, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.; S Ali, School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University, Haikou, China.; SS Ali, Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan.; M Al-Iede, The School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.; SM Alif, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.; M Alimohammadi, Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; H Alinejad Rokny, The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; M Alipour, Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.; SW Al-Jabi, Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.; M Aljofan, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan.; SM Aljunid, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia.; KS Allemailem, Department of Medical Laboratories, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.; S Al-Marwani, Independent Consultant, Amman, Jordan.; JU Almazan, Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan.; HM Al-Mekhlafi, Department of Parasitology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Parasitology, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen.; A Almobayed, Ophthalmology Department, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.; MM Alnaeem, Department of Clinical Nursing, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.; WMY Alnakshabandie, College of Health Sciences, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq.; HY Alniss, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.; MA Alomari, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.; JS Alqahtani, Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.; AR Al-Qudimat, Surgical Research Section, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.; RM Al-Raddadi, Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; I Alrimawi, Department of Nursing, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.; SM Alrousan, Macro-Fiscal Policy Department, Ministry of Finance, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.; MA Alsabri, Department of Emergency Medicine, Sana'a University, Sanaa, Yemen; Pediatric Emergency Medicine Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.; NZ Alshahrani, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; H Alshetaiwi, Department of Pathology, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; YS Alsowaida, Medical and Diagnostic Research Center, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; Z Altaany, Department of Basic Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Higher College of Technology, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.; A Altaf, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Faculty of Health Sciences, Equator University of Science and Technology, Uganda, Masaka, Uganda.; AB Al-Tammemi, Research, Policy, and Training Directorate, Jordan Center for Disease Control, Amman, Jordan; Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan.; JA Al-Tawfiq, Department of Specialty Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.; MA Althobiani, Department of Respiratory Therapy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Respiratory Therapy Unit, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; KA Altirkawi, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.; N Alvis-Guzman, Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena (University of Cartagena), Cartagena, Colombia; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia.; NJ Alvis-Zakzuk, Department of Economic Sciences, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia; National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia.; H Alwafi, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.; M Al-Wardat, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.; YM Al-Worafi, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; College of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sana'a, Yemen.; H Aly, Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.; MSI Alyahya, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.; KH Alzoubi, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.; AS Al-Zubairi, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen; Laboratory Medicine Department, Al-Baha University, Al-Aqiq, Saudi Arabia.; MA Al-Zubayer, Maternal and Child Health Division (MCHD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; WA Al-Zyoud, Department of Biomedical Engineering, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan.; EJ Amafah, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, UK.; M Aman Mohammadi, Food and Beverages Safety Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.; AF Amhare, Department of Public Health, Salale University, Fitche, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.; S Amini, Department of Health and Management Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran.; K Aminu, Department of Sociology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.; N Aminu, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; School of Pharmacy, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.; M Aminzare, Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.; S Amiri, Spiritual Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; AD Amirtharaj, College of Nursing, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.; DA Amugsi, Department of Health and Wellbeing, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya.; GA Amusa, Department of Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.; F Anagnostakis, Center for Biomedical Image Computing & Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.; EW Anbesu, Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia.; R Ancuceanu, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.; D Anderlini, Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Neurology Department, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.; A Anil, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.; DP Anjana, Ashok & Rita Patel Institute Of Physiotherapy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Petlad, India.; AA Anjorin, Department of Microbiology, Lagos State University, Ojo, Nigeria.; K Annadurai, Department of Public Health, The Apollo University, Chittoor, India.; BS Anuoluwa, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria.; IA Anuoluwa, Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria.; S Anvari, Regenerative Medicine, Organ Procurement and Transplantation Multi-disciplinary Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.; R Anwer, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; AE Anyasodor, Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia.; GLC Apostol, School of Medicine and Public Health, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines; Inter-Agency Committee on Environmental Health, Department of Health Philippines, Manila, Philippines.; W Appati, Internal Medicine Directorate, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana.; J Arabloo, Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; J Arockiaraj, Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India.; M Arooj, University College of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.; AA Artamonov, Institute for Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.; D Arumuganainar, Department of Periodontics, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.; N Arystan, Nazarbayev University, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan.; SMB Asdaq, Department of Pharmacy Practice, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; MT Asebot, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.; SM Asefa, School of Veterinary Medicine, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; MAA Asemahagn, School of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; SA Ashraf, College of Applied Medical Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; T Ashraf, Pioneer Journal of Biostatistics and Medical Research (PJBMR), Pakistan, Pakistan.; M Ashrafi, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.; MS Aslam, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia.; Y Asri, Nursing Department, Institute of Technology and Health Science RS dr Soepraoen, Malang, Indonesia; Faculty of Health Science, Institute of Technology and Health Science RS dr Soepraoen, Malang, Indonesia.; DZ Assefa, Monash Addiction Research Center, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.; B Assembekov, Atchabar Scientific Research Institute, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; O Atac, Department of Public Health, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkiye.; SS Athari, Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.; SR Atre, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth Pune (Deemed to be University), Pune, India; Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.; JA Atta, Management Policy and Community Health, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA.; ZA Atwan, College of Medicine, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.; M Augello, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy.; A Aujayeb, Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.; K Aurangzeb, Department of Computer Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; SJ Awan, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.; AA Awoke, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; BB Awosile, School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, USA.; HM Ayele, Maternal and Child Health Directorate, Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.; YO Ayipo, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, Kwara State University, Malete, Ilorin, Nigeria; Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pinang, Malaysia.; SM Ayyoubzadeh, Department of Health Information Management, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; A Azad, Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; D Azadi, Laboratory Sciences Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran.; H Azami, Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.; SA Aziz, Department of Anesthesia, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Basic Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.; A Azizan, Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; AE Babatope, Health Information Management, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria.; GR Babu, Department of Population Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.; IT Bacha, School of Public Health, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA.; M Badar, Directorate of Quality Assurance, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan.; AA Badran, Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Microbiology Department, Horus University Egypt, Damietta, Egypt.; F Baghizadeh, Taleghani Anesthesiologist, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; KK Baghlaf, Pediatric Dentistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; R Bahreini, College of Optometry, Pacific University, Forest Grove, OR, USA.; AA Baig, International Medical School, Management and Science University, Alam, Malaysia.; MA Bakhshali, Department of Medical Informatics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.; S Balakrishnan, Division of Biological Sciences, Tamil Nadu State Council for Science and Technology, Chennai, India.; M Balooch Hasankhani, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.; A Barac, Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.; M Barik, Global Health Research, IMPACT Global Consulting, New Delhi, India; Foundation for Reproductive Health Services India, New Delhi, India.; HJ Barqawi, Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.; MI Bashir, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia.; S Bashir, University Institute of Food Science and Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.; A Bashiri, Health Information Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; R Basri, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia.; Q Bassat, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, ISGlobal Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.; MM Bastan, Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; AM Batiha, Faculty of Nursing, King Khalid University, Mahyil Asir, Saudi Arabia.; K Batra, Department of Medical Education, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.; R Batra, School of Public Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA; IT Department, Coforge, Georgia, GA, USA.; M Bayat, Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Pastor Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; ZW Bayleyegn, Department of Social and Administrative pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.; AS Bazaid, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; N Bedi, School of Public Health, Dr. D. Y. Patil University, Mumbai, India; Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.; NM Beeraka, Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.; P Behzadi, Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e-Qods, Iran.; BM Belay, Department of Nursing, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia.; AG Belayneh, Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; M Belayneh, Department of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.; S Bele, Community Medicine, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Madurai, India.; UI Belgaumi, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India.; ML Bell, School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; School of Health Policy and Management, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.; MB Bello, Infectious Disease Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria.; OO Bello, Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria.; UM Bello, Department of Physiotherapy and Paramedicine, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK.; SN Bente Kamal Tune, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; OPP Bera, Health Systems Strengthening, Global Health Advocacy Incubator, Washington, DS, USA; Centre for Policy Research and Data Analytics in Health and Environment, All India Institute for Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India.; AA Berihun, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.; ANC Bermudez, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines.; PJG Bettencourt, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Sintra, Portugal; Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal.; A Bhargava, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Gross Pointe Woods, MI, USA.; S Bhaskar, Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.; P Bhattacharjee, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.; S Bhattacharjee, School of Sport & Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK; Department of Public Health Research, Bengal Rural Welfare Service (BRWS), Kolkata, India.; JS Bhatti, Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.; MS Bhatti, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India.; NK Binsaleh, Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; EM Birru, Strep A & ARF Therapeutics Team, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Pharmacology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.; B Biswas, Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India.; MS Biswas, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh.; AN Bitar, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut, Malaysia.; M Bitew, Health Biotechnology Directorate at Bio and Emerging Technology Institute, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.; B Bizzozero-Peroni, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Physical Education and Health, Universidad de la República, Rivera, Uruguay.; T Bodhare, Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ramanathapuram, India.; EK Bogale, Department of Health Promotion and Behavioural Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; A Boloor, Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.; P Bolourinejad, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.; M Borran, Department of Internal Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.; SA Bosoka, Disease Surveillance Department, Ghana Health Service, Ho, Ghana; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.; A Botero Carvajal, Facultad de Salud (Faculty of Health), Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali, Colombia.; S Bouaoud, Department of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Saadna Abdenour, Setif, Algeria.; C Boxe, Department of Earth, Environment, and Equity, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA.; NI Briko, Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.; LP Bui, College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Research Advancement Consortium in Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam.; F Busch, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.; Y Bustanji, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.; D Calina, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.; A Capodici, Interdisciplinary Research Center for Health Science, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.; A Carugno, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.; F Carvalho, Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.; CA Castañeda-Orjuela, Public Health Department, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia.; L Cegolon, Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Public Health Unit, University Health Agency Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy.; M Cenderadewi, College of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Department of Public Health, University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia.; A Cernigliaro, Integrated Operative Unit of Clinical Pathology, Sant'Antonio Abate Hospital, Erice, Italy; Health Services and Epidemiological Observatory Department, Regional Health Authority, Sicilian Region, Palermo, Italy.; M Cevik, Infection and Global Health Research, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK; Regional Infectious Diseases Unit, NHS National Services Scotland, Edinburgh, UK.; J Chadwick, Non-communicable Diseases Division, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India.; C Chakraborty, Department of Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India; Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea.; S Chakraborty, State Disease Investigation Laboratory, Animal Resources Development Department, Agartala, India.; VK Chattu, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Semey Medical University (SMU), Semey, Kazakhstan; Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India.; LD Chau, Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston) School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA.; AA Chaudhary, Department of Biology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; S Chaudhuri, Department of Public Health, Indian Institute of Public Health, Hyderabad, India.; A Chaurasia, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India.; H Chen, Faculty of Humanities and Health Sciences, Curtin University, Miri, Malaysia.; H Chen, Clinical Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.; H Chen, Science and Technology Department, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China.; R Chen, School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.; X Chen, Department of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.; NW Chew, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; PR Ching, Division of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.; MJ Chisti, Nutrition Research Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; WCS Cho, Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China.; B Chong, Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; D Chopra, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bilaspur, India.; S Chopra, Department of Biosciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.; EK Chowdhury, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.; DJ Christopher, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India.; DT Chu, The Interdisciplinary Research Group on Biomedicine and Health, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam.; TW Chuang, Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.; IS Chukwu, Department of Paediatric Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria.; E Chung, Department of Urology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of AndroUrology, AndroUrology Centre, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.; S Chung, Department of Health Behavior, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.; M Chutiyami, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; S Conti, General Administration, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy.; A Corlateanu, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova.; C Cosma, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.; N Cruz-Martins, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.; A Dabbagh, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; O Dadras, Department of Health, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, WA, Australia.; EM Dagnew, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.; X Dai, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; AK Dang, Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam.; RA Daniel, Department of Community Medicine, Employees' State Insurance Model Hospital, Chennai, India.; P Danpanichkul, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.; SE Danso, Ga East Municipal Hospital, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana.; SD Darcho, Department of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.; B Darouei, Heart Failure Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.; AM Darwesh, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Center of Excellence in Precision Medicine and Digital Health, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.; JK Das, Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.; S Das, Department of Biochemistry, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Delhi, India.; D Davletov, Atchabarov Scientific-Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; WM de Souza, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.; S Deekonda, Department of Pediatrics, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA.; M Del Riccio, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Infectieziekten in de Eerste Lijn Programme, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.; I Delgado-Enciso, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico; Department of Research, State Cancerology Institute of Colima, IMSS‑BIENESTAR, Colima, Mexico.; D Demeke, Department of Physiology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; TN Derese, Research and Training Directorate, Eka Kotebe General Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.; E Dervišević, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.; M Dervišević, Clinic of Lung diseases and Tuberculosis, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.; G Desalegn, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.; VGC Devanbu, Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, India.; D Devegowda, JSS Medical College Department of Biochemistry, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysuru, India.; SMR Dewan, Department of Pharmacy, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Pharmacology Division, Center for Life Sciences Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; A Dhali, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK.; AS Dhane, Research and Development Cell, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune (Deemed to be University), Pune, India.; ML Dhimal, Research Department, Planetary Health Research Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal; Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.; M Dhimal, Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.; B Dhungel, Population Interventions Unit, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.; S Di Bella, Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.; A Di Paolo, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.; M Di Pumpo, Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of the Sacred Heart), Rome, Italy.; G Ding, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.; HT Do, Institute of Health Economics and Technology, Institute of Health Economics and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam.; MN Do, International Institute for Training and Research (INSTAR), Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam.; THP Do, Department of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Viet Nam.; KG Dokova, Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Organisation, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria.; N Dolatkhah, Research Center for Nutritional Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; F Dorostkar, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; OP Doshi, Independent Consultant, Bridgewater, NJ, USA.; PMM Dourado, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Clínica Pró Coração, São Paulo, Brazil.; RK Dowou, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.; S Duraisamy, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India.; OC Durojaiye, Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.; S Dutta, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, India.; O Ebohon, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Michael and Cecilia Ibru University, Delta State, Nigeria.; MH Ebrahimi, Environmental and Occupational Health Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.; A Ed-Dra, Higher School of Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco.; C Edeh, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.; HA Edinur, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia.; F Efendi, Advanced Nursing Department, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.; F Eghbali, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; E Eini, Private Orthodontist, Ahvaz, Iran.; M Ekholuenetale, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK.; SM Eko, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.; RA El Arab, Almoosa College of Health Sciences, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.; I El Sayed, Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.; M El Sayed Zaki, Clinical Pathology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.; A Eldaboush, Perelman's School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.; M El-Deyarbi, Pharmacology and Therapeutic Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.; M Elhadi, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.; YAM Elhadi, Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Healthcare Policy and Financing, Global Health Focus, Khartoum, Sudan.; M Elhoumed, National Institute of Public Health Research, Ministry of Health, Nouakchott, Mauritania.; OAA Elmeligy, Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.; MA Elmonem, Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.; MH Elnaem, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK.; M Elshaer, Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.; AS Eltahawy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhur, Egypt.; S Eshetie, Australian Center for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.; B Eshrati, Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; G Eshun, Wassa Amenfi East Municipal Health Directorate, Ghana Health Service, Wassa Akropong, Ghana.; M Eslami, Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.; H Fadavian, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.; AF Fagbamigbe, Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Research Centre for Healthcare and Community, Coventry University, Coventry, UK.; IR Fakhradiyev, Director of the Scientific and Technological Park, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.; M Fally, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.; Q Fan, Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.; M Farahmand, Pediatric Infectious Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; A Farasani, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.; M Fareed, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; A Farhana, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia.; SMY Farooq, Department of Radiography and Imaging Technology, Green International University, Lahore, Pakistan.; FO Fasina, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Animal Production and Health Division (EMPRES), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.; MM Fasina, Charité University Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.; A Fatehizadeh, School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.; Z Fatima, University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.; G Fekadu, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Pharmacy, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia.; P Ferrara, Center for Public Health Research, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Laboratory of Public Health, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.; N Ferreira, Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus.; G Fetensa, Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia.; BR Feyisa, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.; BS Firew, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; F Fischer, Institute of Public Health, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.; M Fonzo, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.; C Fortuna Rodrigues, Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.; OD Fowotade, Department of Statistics, Oregon Health and Science University, Corvallis, OR, USA.; PA Gaal, Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Applied Social Sciences, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Târgu-Mureş, Romania.; AG Gad, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.; S Gaihre, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.; M Gajdács, Department of Public Health, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.; B Ganesh, Laboratory Sciences Division, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India.; S Gangachannaiah, Department of Pharmacology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.; X Gao, Department of Biostatistics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Key Lab of Environment and Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.; FJB Garcia, Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines.; D Garcia-Azorin, Department of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega, Valladolid, Spain.; J Garlasco, Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.; Z Gatzioufas, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.; RK Gautam, Centre for Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Noida, India.; TG Gebremeskel, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia.; GW Geremew, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.; BD Gessner, Pfizer Vaccines, Collegeville, PA, USA; Agency of Preventive Medicine, Paris, France.; GK Getahun, Department of Public Health, Menelik II Medical and Health Science College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.; G Getaneh, Health Systems Management and Health Economics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; KY Gete, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; K Ghadiri, Infectious Disease Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Pediatric Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.; K Ghaffari, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran.; A Ghamkhar, Research Committee of Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.; L Gharaibeh, Faculty of Pharmacy, Amman Arab University, Amman, Jordan.; M Ghasemi, Neurology Department of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; MA Ghatee, Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; RM Ghazy, Tropical Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Family and Community Medicine Department, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.; S Ghimire, Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal.; S Ghoba, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; AU Gil, Country Office, World Health Organization (WHO), Astana, Kazakhstan.; SA Gilani, Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry (DBSC), University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman.; BR Giri, Department of Zoology, KKS Women's College, Balasore, India.; A Girombelli, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Ospedale SS Annunziata Savigliano, Savigliano, Italy.; L Göbölös, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.; K Gohari, Department of Biostatistics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Quantitative Department, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran.; P Goleij, Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran; Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.; M Golmohammadi, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; W Gong, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.; YA Goshu, Midwifery Department, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia.; HA Guadie, Department of Health Informatics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; SY Guan, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.; G Guarducci, Medical Directorate, Local Health Authority of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.; MIM Gubari, Department of Clinical Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq.; KA Gulma, School of Global Health and Bioethics, Euclid University, Banjul, The Gambia.; DA Gunawardane, Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka.; AK Gupta, Department of Nephrology, Max Super Speciality Hospital, New Delhi, India; Non-communicable Diseases Division (NCD), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.; G Gupta, Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, India; Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.; L Gupta, Department of Anaesthesia, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India.; S Gupta, Department of Toxicology, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India.; S Gupta, Department of Microbiology, Rama Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.; VB Gupta, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.; VK Gupta, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; RS Gutiérrez-Murillo, Doctoral Program in Biomedical Gerontology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.; J Guzman-Esquivel, Research Unit in Epidemiology Clinic, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Colima, Mexico.; AD Habteyohannes, Department of Medical Microbiology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; M Hadei, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Climate Change and Health Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; NR Hadi, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq.; Z Hadian, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; A Hafiz, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Epidemiology Programme, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.; N Hai Nam, Department of Liver Tumor, Cancer Center, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Liver Transplant Unit, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.; A Haile, Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.; KT Hailu, School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.; S Haller, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Department of Public Health, Charité Institute of Public Health, Berlin, Germany.; IM Hamad, Department of Pharmacy, American University of Madaba, Amman, Jordan.; M Hamed, Oral & Maxillofacial Rehabilitation Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.; A Hammoud, Department of Medical and Technical Information Technology, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia.; D Han Yekdeş, Edirne Public Health Center, Edirne Provincial Health Directorate, Edirne, Turkiye.; A Hanif, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkiye.; N Hanifi, Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.; F Hanna, Department of Health and Education, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.; A Haque, Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, A' Sharqiyah University, Ibra, Oman; Department of Chemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; H Harapan, Medical Research Unit, Universitas Syiah Kuala (Syiah Kuala University), Banda Aceh, Indonesia.; ZB Harboe, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Copenhagen University Hospital, North Zealand, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød, Denmark.; S Harsini, Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.; EMM Has, Department of Advanced Nursing, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; School of Nursing and Midwivery, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.; I Hasan, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; MK Hasan, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tejgaon College, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; H Hasani, Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; AH Haselbeck, Interventions and Implementation Research Department, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea.; A Hashem Zadeh, Institute of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; institute of radiology and radiological sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.; MH Hashempur, Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; A Hasnain, Department of Biotechnology, Lahore University of Biological and Applied Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.; MS Hasnain, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India.; A Hassan, Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.; IN Hassan, Department of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.; I Hassan, Department of Community Medicine, Federal University Teaching Hospital, Lafia, Nigeria; Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Federal University of Lafia, Lafia, Nigeria.; MI Hassan, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.; MA Hassan, Health School and Data Science, Amoud University, Borama, Somalia.; N Hassan, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.; S Hassani, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; LW Hathagoda, Department of Paediatrics, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Paediatric Professorial Unit, Lady Ridgeway Hospital for Children, Colombo, Sri Lanka.; K Hayat, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.; Q He, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.; B Heibati, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.; M Heidari, Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.; YA Helmy, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.; A Hendy, College of Nursing, Qassim University, El-Molida, Saudi Arabia.; C Herteliu, Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.; K Hezam, Department of Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.; Y Hiraike, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.; R Holla, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.; JGG Holler, Department of Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød, Denmark.; A Hossain, Department of Physics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.; MS Hossain, Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh.; M Hosseinzadeh, School of Engineering and Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Department of AI, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India.; M Hostiuc, Department of Internal Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.; S Hostiuc, Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Clinical Legal Medicine, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania.; J Huang, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.; Y Huang, Advanced Institute of Convergence Knowledge Informatics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.; K Hushmandi, Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; J Hussain, Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry (DBSC), University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman.; AM Hussein, Faculty of Health and Science, Koya University, Erbil, Iraq.; D Hussein, Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement Head, Salale University, Gerba Guracha, Ethiopia.; MA Hussein, Department of Physiology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.; NR Hussein, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq.; MI Husseiny, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA.; SE Ibitoye, Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.; L Ibragimova, Science and Technology Park, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; AA Ibrahim, Physiotherapy Department, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq.; KS Ibrahim, Department of Biology, University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq.; A Ibrayeva, Science and Technology Park, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; A Ikiroma, Collaborative Alliance Research and Education (CARE) Programme, Episcope Research Service, Aberdeen, Scotland.; A Ikram, institute of molecular biology and biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.; KS Ikuta, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.; OS Ilesanmi, West Africa RCC, Africa Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.; IM Ilic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.; MD Ilic, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.; MH Ilyas, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.; S Ilyasu, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.; MT Imam, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia.; M Immurana, Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.; LM Irham, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.; MA Isa, Department of Microbiology, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India.; AA Ishaqui, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.; MR Islam, School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; MS Islam, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Eastern University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Journal of Biosciences and Public Health (JBPH), 4-Green Research Society, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; SMS Islam, Department of Nutrition, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.; SS Ismael, University of Duhok, University of Dhaka, Duhok, Iraq.; F Ismail, Clinical Laboratory Department, Tobruk University, Tobruk, Libya; Department of Blood Transmitted Diseases, National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), Tobruk, Libya.; NE Ismail, Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice, Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology, Bedong, Malaysia; Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy, Puchong, Malaysia.; Y Ismoldayev, Department of Urology, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; M Iwagami, Department of Health Services Research, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.; CJ Iwu-Jaja, Department of Global Health, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.; AN Iyasu, Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia.; J Jaafari, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.; A Jadidi, Department of Nursing, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.; H Jahrami, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; Government Hospitals, Manama, Bahrain.; A Jain, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India.; M Jakovljevic, UNESCO-TWAS Section of Economic & Social Sciences, Humanities & Arts, The World Academy of Sciences UNESCO-TWAS, Trieste, Italy; Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China.; M Jalloh, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; A Jamal, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.; QMS Jamal, Department of Health Informatics, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.; J Jamaluddin, Department of Primary Care Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.; J James, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India.; RDG Jamora, Department of Neurosciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Institute for Neurosciences, St. Luke's Medical Center, Bonifacio Global City, Philippines.; E Jarrahi, Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Royan Institute, Tehran, Iran.; A Javadi Mamaghani, Department of Parasitology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; parasitology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.; J Javidnia, Invasive Fungi Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.; T Jawaid, Department of Pharmacology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; S Jayaram, Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India.; RD Jayasinghe, Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.; YA Jayasinghe, Centre for Evidence Synthesis and Implementation Research, Cephas Health Research Initiative, Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria.; JJ Jeon, Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea; Institute of Evidence Based Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea.; S Jeong, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.; M Jiang, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.; W Jin, Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.; I Johnston, Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.; N Jomehzadeh, Department of Microbiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran.; JB Jonas, Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Institut Français de Myopie, Paris, France; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.; J Jose, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nitte University, Mangalore, India.; AP Joseph, School of Engineering and Technology, The University of New South Wales, Canberra, NSW, Australia.; N Joseph, Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.; K Joshi, Institute of National Importance, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, India.; CE Joshua, Department of Economics, National Open University, Benin City, Nigeria.; V K, Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.; B Kaambwa, Health Economics Unit, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.; V Kadashetti, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India.; DHH Kadir, Department of Statistics, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Business Administrations, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq.; MF Kadir, Department of Pharmacology, Campbell University, Lillington, NC, USA.; J Kaibullayeva, Research Institute of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Republican Institute of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; K Kalavani, Department of Health, Khoy Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran.; S Kalra, Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital Karnal, Karnal, India; University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India.; MA Kamal, Department of Pharmaceutics, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, AlKharj, Saudi Arabia.; RT Kamorudeen, Department of Public Health, South Wales University, Treforest, UK; Osun State Hospital Management Board.; O Kamyshnyi, Microbiology, Virology and Immunology Department, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine.; J Kang, School of Health and Environmental Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.; KK Kanmodi, Office of the Executive Director, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria; College of Health Sciences, Caleb University, Imota, Nigeria.; S Kannan S, Department of Community Medicine, ESIC Medical College and Hospital Chennai, Chennai, India.; S Kant, Department of Respiratory Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India.; D Kar, IMS & SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India.; D Kar, Community and Primary Care Research Group, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK.; M Karajizadeh, Trauma Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; P Karakasis, 2nd Department of Cardiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.; J Karami, Laboratory Science Department, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran; Department of Immunology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; A Karch, Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.; A Karimi Behnagh, Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Artificial Intelligence in Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; S Karkhah, Department of Medical‑Surgical Nursing, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.; MI Karobari, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.; TMM Karpiński, Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.; FZ Kashoo, Department of Physical Therapy and Health Rehabilitation, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia.; MK Kashyap, Amity Stem Cell Institute (ASCI), Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, India.; NBB Kassahun, Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of HIV, Hepatitis and STD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA.; MA Kausar, Department of Biochemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; F Kazemi, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.; AZ Kebede, Harvard T.H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.; HK Kebede, School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.; YT Kebede, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale New Haven Health, Bridgeport, CT, USA.; MH Keivanlou, Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.; JH Kempen, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Eye Unit, MyungSung Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.; A Keshwani, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.; YS Khader, Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.; H Khajuria, Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India.; HO Khalifa, Department of Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.; AA Khalil, University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.; P Khalili, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; F Khamesipour, Food and Drug Research Center, Iran Food and Drug Administration, Tehran, Iran.; A Khan, Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman.; FUU Khan, Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.; IW Khan, Internal Medicine Department, Reading Hospital Tower Health, Reading, PA, USA.; IH Khan, University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.; M Khan, Epidemiology Program, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.; MI Khan, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.; MU Khan, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.; S Khan, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.; YS Khan, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; Z Khan, Department of Cardiology, University of South Wales, Treforest, UK; Department of Cardiology, University of Buckingham, Buckingham, UK.; SU Khasbage, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, India.; H Khatatbeh, Faculty of Nursing, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.; MM Khatatbeh, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.; KA Kheirallah, Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.; M Khezeli, Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.; P Khoshvaght, Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, India; Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam.; S Khoshvaght, Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, India; Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam.; F Khosravi, Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Cardiothoracic Imaging Section, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; S Khosravi, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; Department of Clinical Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA.; G Kim, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UH Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA.; HJ Kim, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.; MS Kim, Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.; RW Kimokoti, Health and Healing Research, Education, and Service, Inc., Boston, MA, USA; Millennium Prevention, Inc., Westwood, MA, USA.; S Kini B, Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.; A Kisa, School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway; Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.; S Kisa, Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway.; L Kishore, School of Pharmacy and Emerging Sciences, Baddi University of Emerging Sciences & Technology, Himachal Pradesh, India.; D Klu, Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.; S Km, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India.; S Kochhar, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Global Healthcare Consulting, New Delhi, India.; SWC Koh, Family Medicine Development, National University Polyclinics, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; AA Kolahi, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; F Kompani, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; WE Korma, College of Medicine and Health Science, Werabe University, Werabe, Ethiopia.; T Kormoker, Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.; VA Korshunov, Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.; O Korzh, Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine.; K Kostev, Department of Epidemiology, IQVIA, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany.; PA Koul, Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India.; JP Kretchy, Department of Public Health, Central University, Accra, Ghana; Central University, Accra, Ghana.; K Krishan, Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.; M Kuddus, Department of Biochemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; CE Kuehni, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, ISPM University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.; I Kuitunen, Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.; M Kulimbet, Research and Publication Activity Division, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Center of Medicine and Public Health, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; S Kulshreshtha, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India; Amity Centre for Water Studies and Research, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.; E Kumah, Department of Health Administration and Education, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana.; D Kumar, Department of Community Medicine, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India.; J Kumar, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.; K Kumar, Department of Mathematics, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, India.; N Kumar, Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan.; R Kumar, Department of Health Management, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; T Kumar, Department of Anaesthesiology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India.; V Kumar, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Creighton University, Phoenix, AZ, USA.; S Kumaran, IITM Pravartak Technologies Foundation, IITM Pravartak Technologies Foundation, Chennai, India.; S Kundu, Public Health Department, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.; J Kunjavara, Nursing & Midwifery Research Department (NMRD), Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.; SK Kunutsor, Section of Cardiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.; OP Kurmi, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.; MD Kurniasari, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana (Satya Wacana Christian University), Salatiga, Indonesia; School of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.; PK Kushawaha, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.; D Kusuma, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia.; A Kuttybayev, Department of Public Health, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; JP Kuwornu, Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia.; V Kytö, Clinical Research Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Heart Center, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.; A La Vecchia, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Pediatric Emergency Department, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.; C Lahariya, Division of Evidence Synthesis, Foundation for People-centric Health Systems, New Delhi, India; Division of Lifestyle Medicine, Centre for Health: The Specialty Practice, New Delhi, India.; H Lai, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China.; T Lajunen, Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.; B Lakanova, Department of Research, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; DK Lal, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.; F Lanfranchi, Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.; CL Lau, Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.; T Lawanson, Centre for Clinical Trials, Research, and Implementation Science (CCTRIS), Lagos, Nigeria.; DH Le, Department of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.; TTT Le, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.; C Ledda, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.; SV Lee, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; SW Lee, Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea.; WC Lee, Department of Family Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.; V Leivaditis, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Westpfalz Klinikum, Kaiserslautern, Germany; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.; DA Lemma, Department of Pharmacy, Wachemo University, Hosanna, Ethiopia.; MSS Lewis, Manipal College of Nursing, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India.; C Li, Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia.; X Li, Department of Health Management Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.; J Lin, International Centre for Future Health Systems, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; G Liu, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; H Liu, Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, UK.; J Liu, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University, Beijing, China.; X Liu, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.; Y Liu, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.; Z Liu, College of Mathematics and Computer, Xinyu University, Xinyu, China.; E Llanaj, Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Potsdam, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.; MS Lodhi, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.; MJ Loftus, Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.; K Lu, Clinical Pharmacy Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.; J Lubinda, Geospatial Health and Development Team-Child Health Analytics, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; Scientific Research and Surveillance Systems, Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia.; G Lucchetti, School of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.; P Luo, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.; AM Lutambi, Dodoma Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research in Tanzania, Dodoma, Tanzania.; H Lv, Department of Epidemiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.; MD Lytras, College of Engineering, Effat University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Management of Information Systems Department, The American College of Greece, Aghia Paraskevi, Greece.; E Lytvyak, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.; HI M Amin, Department of Chemistry, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Medical Biochemical Analysis, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq.; KS Ma, Center for Global Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.; ZF Ma, Centre for Public Health and Wellbeing, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK.; M Mabrok, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, King Salman International University, South of Sinai, Egypt.; F Madadi, Anesthesiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; F Madadizadeh, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Yazd University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.; P Maffia, School of Infection & Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.; F Maghool, Poursina Hakim Digestive Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.; EA Magwe, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ruaha Catholic University (RUCU), Iringa, Tanzania.; SA Mahamed, Department of One Health in Tropical Infectiousness Diseases, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; College of Health Science, Amoud University, Borama, Somalia.; NH Mahmood, Research Center, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.; S Mahmoudi, Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland.; AA Malik, Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; S Malik, Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India.; T Malik, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India.; LA Malinga, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health, Pretoria, South Africa.; B Malkamu, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia.; A Manilal, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.; F Mansoor, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.; S Manzoor, Research Institute for Medical and Health Science, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.; T Maqbool, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.; HR Marateb, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran; Automatic Control Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (Barcelona Tech - UPC), Barcelona, Spain.; K Margetis, Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.; M Marks-Hultström, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.; BA Martinez-Guerra, Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.; FR Martins-Melo, Campus Fortaleza, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.; M Martorell, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile.; RR Marzo, Faculty of Humanities and Health Sciences, Curtin University, Sarawak, Malaysia; Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.; S Marzouk, Medical Scientist Training Program, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.; CN Matei, Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Board of Directors, Association of Resident Physicians, Bucharest, Romania.; Y Mathangasinghe, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Anatomy, Genetics and Biomedical Informatics, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.; N Mathur, Department of Community Medicine, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Hyderabad, India.; FP Matozinhos, Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.; R Mattiello, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.; RJ Maude, Department of Epidemiology, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.; G Mavrovounis, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.; SM McPhail, Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia; Digital Health and Informatics Directorate, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.; RP Mediratta, Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.; M Mehari, Department of Epidemiology, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia.; R Mehboob, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA; Research and Development Department, Lahore Medical Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan.; R Mehrotra, Centre for Health Innovation and Policy, Noida, India.; LB Mekonnen, Department of Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; HN Meles, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia.; A Melese, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; E Memary, Anesthesiology Research centre, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; ZA Memish, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Research & Innovation Center, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; W Mendoza, Dirección General de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (DGIDI), Universidad Científica del Sur (University of the South), Lima, Peru.; GA Menezes, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Trinity Medical Sciences University, St. Vincent, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.; EA Mengistie, Department of Adult Health Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; TP Menon, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA.; SA Meo, Department of Physiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; M Mercogliano, Department of Public Health, University 'Federico II' of Naples, Naples, Italy.; TJ Meretoja, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.; MA Merza, College of Pharmacy, Nawroz University, Duhok, Iraq.; T Mestrovic, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia.; CDK Mettananda, Department of Pharmacology, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Clinical Medicine Department, Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka.; S Mettananda, Department of Paediatrics, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka; University Paediatrics Unit, Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka.; MMM Metwally, Department of Pathology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.; SDD Mewoabi, Faculty of Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.; B Miazgowski, Clinical Emergency Department, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.; IM Michalek, Department of Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland.; G Minervini, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy; Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.; WK Ming, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.; GK Mini, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India; Global Institute of Public Health, Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Trivandrum, India.; EM Mirrakhimov, Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.; SA Mirshahvalad, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Radiology, Health Sciences North, Sudbury, ON, Canada.; A Mishra, School of Sciences, Noida International University, Gautam Budh Nagar, India.; S Mishra, School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, India.; V Mishra, Thumbay College of Management and AI in Healthcare, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Research and Development Department, Panacea Institute of Interdisciplinary Research and Education, Varanasi, India.; MG Mohamed, RAK College of Nursing, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Alkhima, United Arab Emirates; Nursing College, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.; NS Mohamed, Molecular Biology Unit, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan; Bio-Statistical and Molecular Biology Department, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan.; KAH Mohamed Ahmed, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.; T Mohammad, Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Centre For Interdisciplinary Research In Basic Sciences (CIRBSc), Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.; A Mohammadi, Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Urology Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; MK Mohammadi, department of medicinal chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.; MR Mohammadi, Department of Bacteriology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.; S Mohammadi, Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.; S Mohammadi, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; O Mohammed, Department of Medicine, Government Medical College Kozhikode, Kozhikode, India.; S Mohammed, Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.; Y Mohammed, Medical Microbiology Department, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Medical Microbiology Department, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria.; S Mohan, Department of Pharmacology, Dale View College of Pharmacy and Research Centre, Thruvananthapuram, India; School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India.; YK Mohanta, Department of Applied Biology, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya, Ri-Bhoi, India.; M Mohseni, Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran, Iran; Department of Health Services Management, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.; A Mohsenzadeh, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; AH Mokdad, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; A Mollaei, Department Medical-Surgical Nursing, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.; L Monasta, Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy.; MA Moni, AI & Cyber Futures Institute, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia; The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.; M Montalti, Department of Collective Prevention and Public Health, General Directorate for Personal Care, Health, and Welfare, Bologna, Italy.; P Moraga, Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.; DF Morais, Department of Health Sciences (Ph.D. Program), Institute of Medical Assistance to State Public Servants (IAMSPE), São Paulo, Brazil.; L Morawska, International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.; M Morovvati, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Baan Clinic, Baan Clinic, Tehran, Iran.; MM Morsy, Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt.; FEC Mosquera, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Santiago de Cali, Colombia.; JF Mosser, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; R Motappa, Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.; SA Mousavi, Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Royan Institute, Tehran, Iran.; A Mousavi Khaneghah, Faculty of Biotechnologies (BioTech), ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.; F Mousavi Kiasary, Department of Cardiology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; SMS Mousavi Kiasary, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, TX, USA; Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; MAA Mousnad, School of Pharmacy (SPH), Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Malaysia; International University of Africa (IUA), Khartoum, Sudan.; HL Mowafy, Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.; K Mozahheb Yousefi, Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hazrat-e Rasool General Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; S Mubarik, Unit of Pharmacotherapy, Epidemiology and Economics, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.; JS Muhammad, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.; S Mukherjee, Knowledge Management Department, Prahlad Omkarwati Foundation (POF), Mumbai, India; Changescape Consulting, Independent Consultant, New Delhi, India.; A Mukhopadhyay, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.; S Mulatu, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; F Mulita, Department of Surgery, General University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece; Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.; M Muniyandi, Department of Health Economics, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India.; K Munjal, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, India.; E Murillo-Zamora, Clinical Epidemiology Research Unit, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Villa de Alvarez, Mexico; Postgraduate in Medical Sciences, Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico.; S Musa, Department of Paediatrics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.; F Musaigwa, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.; S Muthu, Department of Research Methods, Orthopaedic Research Group, Coimbatore, India; Central Research Laboratory, Meenakshi Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Chennai, India.; R Muthusamy, School of Public Health Sciences and Technology, Malla Reddy Vishwavidyapeeth, Hyderabad, India.; CM Muvunyi, Director General, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda.; M Muzaffar, Department of Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.; A Nafei, Elderly Health Research Center, Research and Academic Institution, Tehran, Iran.; AJ Nagarajan, Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India; Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India.; K Nagarajan, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India.; G Naguib, Department of Restorative Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Oral Biology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.; GR Naik, Department of Computer Science and IT, Torrens University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.; H Naik, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.; F Nainu, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.; S Nair, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College, Thrissur, Thrissur, India; Health Action by People, Trivandrum, India.; HHR Najmuldeen, College of Health Sciences, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.; V Nangia, Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India.; IA Naqid, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq.; S Nargus, University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.; AJ Nashwan, Nursing & Midwifery Research Department (NMRD), Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.; H Nasiri, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.; M Nassar, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Vermont, South Burlington, VT, USA.; ZS Natto, Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; Z Naureen, Dept of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman.; BP Nayak, Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India.; J Nazari, Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.; GT Nchanji, Department of Research, Tropical Disease Interventions, Diagnostics, Vaccines and Therapeutics (TroDDIVaT) Initiative, Buea, Cameroon; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.; AT Nega, Department of Midwifery, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; AA Negash, Department of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; MyungSung Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.; I Negoi, Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of General Surgery, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.; RI Negoi, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Cardiology, Cardio-Aid, Bucharest, Romania.; MH Nematollahi, Applied Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.; S Nepal, Department of Community Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal.; HB Netsere, School of Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; JCS Ngabonziza, Research, Innovation, and Data Science Division, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.; CT Nguyen, Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam.; CT Nguyen, Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam.; HT Nguyen, Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam.; HLT Nguyen, Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam.; L Nguyen, Faculty of Public Health, VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hanoi, Viet Nam; International Institute for Training and Research (INSTAR), VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hanoi, Viet Nam.; NP Nguyen, International Medical Faculty, Nam Can Tho University, Can Tho, Viet Nam; Cardiovascular Research Department, Methodist Hospitals, Merrillville, IN, USA.; TT Nguyen, International Institute for Training and Research (INSTAR), Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam.; T Nguyen, Faculty of Public Health, VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam.; VT Nguyen, Tuberculosis Group, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of General Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.; RK Niazi, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.; A Nikoobar, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; JMV Niyonsenga, Research Department, JFI Consults Ltd, Kigali, Rwanda.; PA Nkrumah-Boateng, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.; CA Nnaji, Technical Department, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.; LA Nnyanzi, Center for Public Health, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK.; S Nomura, International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS), Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan; Global Research Institute, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.; S Noreen, University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, LAHORE, Pakistan.; VC Nriagu, Internal Medicine Department, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA.; CA Nri-Ezedi, Department of Paediatrics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.; JC Nshimiyimana, Global Health Department, Euclid University, Banqui, Central African Republic.; F Nugen, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; School of Information, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.; MH Nunemo, Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia.; CN Nwakama, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.; CI Nzoputam, Center of Excellence in Reproductive Health Innovation (CERHI), University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.; OJ Nzoputam, Department of Physiology, University of Benin, Edo, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria.; B Oancea, Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Bioinformatics Department, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Bucharest, Romania.; FM Oddi, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy.; MS Oduro, PSSM Data Sciences, Pfizer Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA.; AOD Ofakunrin, Department of Pediatrics, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Pediatrics, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.; OA Ogundijo, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.; OO Ojedoyin, Department of Physiotherapy, The Redeemed Christian Church of God, Ede, Nigeria.; H Okati-Aliabad, Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.; SR Okeke, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; AP Okekunle, Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.; OC Okonji, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.; OA Okunlola, Mathematical and Computer Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria.; PG Okwute, Department of Medical Physiology, Babcock University, Ilisan-Remo, Nigeria; Department of Medical Physiology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.; AT Olagunju, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.; BO Olusanya, Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria.; KI Onyedibe, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA.; M Opitz, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.; AS Oradova, Scientific Laboratory 'Center for Collective Use', Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; M Ordak, Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.; VN Orish, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Sickle Cell Unit, Ho Teaching Hospital, Ho, Ghana.; A Orscelik, Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.; E Ortiz-Prado, One Health Global Research Group, Universidad de las Americas (University of the Americas), Quito, Ecuador.; A Osborne, Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Freetown, Sierra Leone.; E Osei, University of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.; EH Othman, Faculty of Nursing, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan.; OJ Otorkpa, School of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana.; A Ouyahia, Faculty of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria.; IA Owusu, West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana.; OA Oyebanji, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.; K Oyebola, Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria.; T Oyelade, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK; School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, UK.; KA Oyeniran, Department of Biological Sciences, Bamidele Olumilua University of Education Science & Technology, Ikere-Ekiti, Nigeria; Plant Systems Biology, International Center for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa.; OT Oyeyemi, Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria.; I Ozsahin, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, India; Operational Research Center in Healthcare, Near East University, Nicosia, Turkiye.; M P A, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India.; JR Padubidri, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.; DM Paija, Ashok & Rita Patel Institute of Physiotherapy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Nadiad, India.; T Palicz, Hungarian Health Management Association, Budapest, Hungary; Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.; A Pana, Department of Community Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj Napoca, Cluj Napoca, Romania; Department of Health Metrics, Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania.; SK Panda, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India.; A Pandey, Research Department, Public Health Research Society Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal; Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal.; SRR Pandi-Perumal, Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India; Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Punjab, India.; GD Panos, Division of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; First Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.; I Pantazopoulos, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.; G Paolino, Unit of Dermatology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.; MV Papa, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.; I Papadimopoulos, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.; P Paranjkhoo, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.; S Pardhan, Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.; A Parida, Department of Pharmacology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.; C Park, Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Public Health, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.; A Pashaei, School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.; M Pasovic, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; R Passera, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Department of Imaging, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (AOU City of Health and Science of Turin), Torino, Italy.; J Patel, GMERS Medical College and Hospital, Government of Gujarat, Patan, India.; M Patel, Department of Computer Science and Bioscience, Marwadi University, Rajkot, India.; NN Patel, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tennessee, Nashville, TN, USA.; S Patel, Zoology Department, Regional Institute of Education (RIE), NCERT, Ajmer, India.; S Patil, College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, USA.; D Patoulias, Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.; S Pawar, Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.; S Pawar, Department of Interventional Cardiology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.; H Pazoki Toroudi, Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; J Pekarcikova, Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia.; P Peprah, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; G Pereira, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia; Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.; N Perera, Department of Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.; G Perez Chacon, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; S Perna, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.; IR Petcu, Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania.; OJ Peter, Mathematical and Computer Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria.; HQ Pham, Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.; TT Pham, College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Research Advancement Consortium in Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam.; AK Philip, School of Pharmacy, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman.; ZZ Piracha, International Center of Medical Sciences Research, International Center of Medical Sciences Research, Islamabad, Pakistan; Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan.; E Pirera, Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (PROMISE) G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.; E Plotnikov, Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia; Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia.; D Poddighe, College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Viet Nam.; RV Polibin, Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.; R Poluru, Department of Data Management and Analysis, The INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi, India.; MJ Postma, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.; S Pourasghary, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.; R Pourbabaki, Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; M Poursadeqiyan, Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran.; N Pourtaheri, Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran.; SI Prada, Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas (Clinical Research Center), Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia; Centro PROESA, Universidad ICESI, Cali, Colombia.; PMS Pradhan, Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.; A Prashant, Department of Biochemistry, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India.; EJS Prates, Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.; T Purkait, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.; J Puvvula, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.; H Qanash, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Medical and Diagnostic Research Center, University of Ha'il, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; NH Qasim, Department of Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering, Al-Rafidain University College, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Cybersecurity, Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture, Kyiv, Ukraine.; X Qi, Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, USA.; Z Qi, School of Public Health, (Xuzhou Medical University), Xuzhou, China.; JY Qiu, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.; N Rabiee, Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.; AGG Rabiu, Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Health Sciences, Ila-Orangun, Nigeria.; B Rachmat, Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.; RA Radhakrishnan, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Oman Dental College, Oman.; V Radhakrishnan, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute (W.I.A), Chennai, India.; YS Raghav, Department of Mathematics, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.; P Raghuveer, Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India.; SK Rahamon, Department of Immunology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.; HM Rahim, Medical Laboratory Science Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.; V Rahimi-Movaghar, Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; FM Rahman, College of Health Sciences, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.; MM Rahman, Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.; MO Rahman, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; MA Rahman, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia.; M Rahmati, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center (CEReSS), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.; SK Raina, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College, Tanda, Kangra, India.; JP Raj, Kasturba Medical College Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.; A Raja, Department of Cardiology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.; S Rajaa, Department of Community Medicine, Employees' State Insurance Model Hospital, Chennai, India.; G Rajendran, Trauma and Emergency Medicine Department, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Madurai, India.; J Rajendran, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.; S Rajindrajith, Department of Paediatrics, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.; MA Rajizadeh, Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.; KD Rakhimov, Clinical Pharmacology Department, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; MM Ramadan, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Cardiology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.; C Ramasamy, Department of Anatomy, Govt. Siddhartha Medical College, Vijayawada, India.; SK Ramasamy, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.; S Ramazanu, School of Nursing & Health Sciences, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; M Ramzan, University of Mississippi Ole Miss, Oxford, MS, USA.; CL Ranabhat, Department of Research, Eastern Scientific LLC, Richmond, KY, USA; Planetary Health Research Centre (PHRC), Kathmandu, Nepal.; F Ranjbar Noei, Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.; AG Rao, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.; M Rao, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.; SJ Rao, Department of Oral Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Odontology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shimogga, India.; A Rasouli-Saravani, Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; RS Rath, Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India.; I Rathi, Amity Institute of Public Health and Hospital Administration, Amity University, Noida, India.; D Rathish, Department of Family Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka.; SK Rauniyar, Department of Global Health Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.; DL Rawaf, WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, UK; Inovus Medical, St Helens, UK.; S Rawaf, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, UK.; A Ray, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India.; MMRK Reddy, Department of Internal Medicine, Northwest Health, Porter, Valparaiso, IN, USA.; E Redwan, Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Egypt; Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt.; MA Reta, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia.; LF Reyes, Unisabana Center for Translational Science, Universidad de La Sabana (Savannah University), Chia, Colombia; Critical Care Department, Clinica Universidad De La Sabana (Savannah University Clinic), Chia, Colombia.; N Rezaei, Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; M Rezaeian, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.; MR Rizvi, Department of Physiology and Physiotherapy, DIT University, Delhi, India.; L Roever, Department of Clinical Research, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon.; R Rohilla, Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Chandigarh, India.; MKK Rony, Miyan Research Institute, International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; AGP Ross, College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.; HS Rout, Department of Analytical and Applied Economics, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; RUSA Centre of Excellence in Public Policy and Governance, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India.; A Roy, Department of Community Medicine, RVM Medical College and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India; Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India.; P Roy, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Agartala, India.; P Roy, Department of Labour, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata, India.; S Roy, Department of Public Health, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA.; S Roy, Research Department, Indian Institute of Public Health, Delhi, India.; S Roy Chowdhury, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA.; P Rubeshkumar, Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK.; GA Ruela, Advanced Campus Governador Valadares, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Brazil.; C S N, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India.; AMA Saad, Cardiovascular Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.; M Sabbatucci, Department Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy; Department for Health Prevention, Ministry of Health, Rome, Italy.; MM Saber-Ayad, Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.; SK Sadat Rafiei, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; MN Saddique, Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan.; BA Sadee, Department of Food Technology, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq.; E Sadeghi, Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.; E Sadeghi, Department of Biostatistics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; B Sadek, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.; H Sadr, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Trauma Institute, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.; M Saeed, Department of Biology, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; S Saeed, Amity Institute of Public Health and Hospital Administration, Amity University, Noida, India.; U Saeed, Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary; Operational Research Center in Healthcare; International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR) Islamabad, Near East University, Cyprus, Turkiye.; M Saeedi, Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran.; M Sagharichi, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; A Saghazadeh, Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; AK Sah, College of Applied Health Sciences, A' Sharqiyah University, Ibra, Oman.; I Saha, National Institute for Research in Bacterial Infections (ICMR NIRBI), Indian Council of Medical Research, Kolkata, India.; A Sahban Rafsanjani, Department of Smart Computing and Cyber Resilience (DSCCR), Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia.; F Saheb Sharif-Askari, Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.; N Saheb Sharif-Askari, Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.; A Sahebkar, Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.; M Sahu, Department of Preventive & Social Medicine, All India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health, Kolkata, India.; SK Sahu, Zoology, Institute of Science, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Bolpur, India.; M Saki, Department of Microbiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.; JW Sakshaug, LMU-Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany.; B Salami, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.; Z Saleem, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.; MA Saleh, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.; M Salehi, Department of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.; M Sallam, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.; H Samadi Kafil, Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.; YL Samodra, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Benang Merah Research Center, Benang Merah Research Center (BMRC), Minahasa Utara, Indonesia.; AM Samy, Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Medical Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.; E Sanjari, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; RK Sanjeev, Department of Pediatrics, SRM Medical College Hospital And Research Centre, Kattankulathur, India.; S Sankar, Department of Microbiology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.; MM Santric-Milicevic, School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.; BP Sao Jose, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.; A Saravanan, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India.; H Sarma, Botany Department, Bodoland University, Kokrajhar, India.; M Sarmadi, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Health Sciences Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran.; GS Sarode, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune (Deemed to be University), Pune, India.; SC Sarode, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune (Deemed to be University), Pune, India.; M Sassano, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.; B Sathian, Department of Geriatric and Long Term Care, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK.; M Satpathy, UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India.; M Savabi Far, Precision Medicine Department, Università degli studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli (University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli), Naples, Italy.; GK Saya, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India.; M Sedighi, Department of Microbiology, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.; H Seifmanesh, General Medicine Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; S Sekaran, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.; B Selvaraj, Department of Research Analytics, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.; S Selvaraj, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College & Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune (Deemed to be University), Pune, India.; V Selvaraj, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India.; Y Semenova, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan.; S Senthilkumaran, Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India.; D Serban, Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Fourth Department of General Surgery, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.; Y Sethi, Department of Medicine, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, India.; SM Seyed Alshohadaei, Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; D Seyedi, Musculoskeletal Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; A Seylani, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.; YKFS Shaalan, Faculty of Medicine, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October city, Egypt.; K Shahbaz, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.; S Shahid, Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.; SA Shahid, Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.; E Shahini, Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS, Castellana Grotte (Bari), Italy.; MJ Shahwan, Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.; MA Shaikh, Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan.; N Shaikh, Department of Medicine, Liaquat University Of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan.; A Shakeri, Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; A Shakerimoghaddam, Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.; S Shakoor, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.; S Sham, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA.; MA Shamim, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India.; AH Shams, Trauma Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; M Shams-Beyranvand, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.; A Shamsi, Centre For Interdisciplinary Research In Basic Sciences (CIRBSc), Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India; Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.; D Shan, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK; Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.; M Shannawaz, Amity Institute of Public Health and Hospital Administration, Amity University, Noida, India.; A Sharifan, Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria.; J Sharifi Rad, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador.; PF Sharifian Jazi, School of Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia.; A Sharma, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Rajasthan, India.; B Sharma, Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, India.; K Sharma, Department of Chemistry, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, India.; M Sharma, Saint Michael Medical Center, New York Medical College, Newark, NJ, USA.; M Sharma, Department of Social and Behavioral Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.; RK Sharma, Department of University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Punjab, India.; V Sharma, Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.; RP Shastry, Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, India.; S Shastry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.; R Shawahna, Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.; A Sheidaei, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Quantitative Department, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran.; RR Shenoy, Department of Pharmacology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.; SM Shenoy, Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India.; SP Sherchan, Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.; M Shetty, Alva's Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Moodubidire, India.; PH Shetty, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.; PK Shetty, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.; W Shi, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.; D Shiferaw, Department of Public Health, Dambi Dollo University, Dembi Dollo, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.; MMH Shimul, Department of Public Health, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; JI Shin, Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.; A Shittu, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria.; I Shiue, Oulu Business School, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Martti Ahtisaari Institute, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.; C Shivamallu, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India.; V Shivarov, Department of Experimental Research, Medical University Pleven, Pleven, Bulgaria; Department of Genetics, Sofia University 'St. Kliment Ohridiski', Sofia, Bulgaria.; A Shoaib, Department of Clinical Practice, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.; A Shokri, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.; S Shool, Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Technology and Innovation in Cardiovascular Informatics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; SA Shorofi, Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.; S Shrestha, Department of Research and Academics, Kathmandu Cancer Center, Bhaktapur, Nepal; Person-Centered Research, Monash University, Box Hill, VIC, Australia.; SA Shuaibu, Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria.; NRS Sibuyi, Advanced Materials Division, Mintek, Randburg, South Africa; Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa.; EE Siddig, Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands.; LMLR Silva, Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal; RISE Health, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.; PP Simkhada, School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK.; CR Simpson, School of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand; Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.; MK Singer, Radiological Sciences Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.; A Singh, Amity Institute of Public Health and Hospital Administration, Amity University, Noida, India.; A Singh, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.; H Singh, Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India.; H Singh, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IFTM University, Moradabad, India.; JA Singh, School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Houston, TX, USA.; K Singh, Research Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.; P Singh, Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India.; PS Singh, Amity Institute of Public Health and Hospital Administration, Amity University, Noida, India.; P Singh, Department of Human Genetics, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala, India.; S Singh, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.; S Singh, Department of Computer Science & Technology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.; S Singh, Department of Community Medicine, Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Government Institute of Medical Science and Research, Srinagar Garhwal, India.; S Singh, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India.; V Singh, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Mahaveer Jaipuria Rajasthan Hospital, Jaipur, India.; MK Sinha, Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.; R Sinto, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia.; VY Skryabin, Books Committee, Royal College of Psychiatrists, London, UK; Royal college of psychiatrists, London, UK.; AA Skryabina, Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.; M SobhZahedi, Department of Biology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.; MS Sohel, Department of Development Studies, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; A Sokhan, Department of Infectious Diseases, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine; Clinical Science Line, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteologie, Vienna, Austria.; AM Soliman, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt; Faculty of Science, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada.; MMS Soliman, Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.; NS Soliman, Kasr-AlAiny Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.; SSM Soliman, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.; H Soltaninejad, School of Rehabilitation, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.; W Song, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.; P Sood, Independent Consultant, New Delhi, India.; S Soraneh, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.; RJD Sorensen, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; JB Soriano, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.; M Sorrentino, Department of Public Health, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy; Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.; AM Spagnolo, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.; E Spahic, Pediatric Clinic, Clinical Centre University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.; CT Sreeramareddy, Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.; K Sridharan, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain.; M Srinivasan, JIPMER International School of Public Health, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India.; S Sriram, College of Health and Public Service, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.; MH Stanikzai, Department of Public Health, Kandahar University, Kandahar, Afghanistan.; P Steiropoulos, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.; A Stergachis, Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; B Stubbs, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Sport, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.; CY Su, Quantitative Life Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.; O Subasi, Department of Orthopaedics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Orthopaedics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.; B Subramanian, Department of Physiology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.; V Subramaniyan, Department of Medical Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.; H Sujon, Clinical Research Unit, Projahnmo Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; SK Sulaiman, Department of Medicine, Yobe State University Teaching Hospital, Yobe, Nigeria.; MJM Sullman, Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus.; T Sundaram, Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India.; CK Swain, Department of Analytical and Applied Economics, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India.; L Szarpak, Department of Clinical Research and Development, LUXMED Group, Warsaw, Poland; Collegium Medicum, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.; SS T Y, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India.; SM Tabatabaei, Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Informatics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.; SA Tabatabaeizadeh, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Internal Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.; S Tabatabai, Department of Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; C Tabche, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.; ZM Taha, Duhok Research Centre, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq.; M Taheri Soodejani, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.; J Taiba, Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.; IM Talaat, Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pathology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.; M Tampa, Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Dermato-Venereology, Dr. Victor Babes Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania.; M Tanashat, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.; M Tanveer, Department of Computer and Software Engineering, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.; AA Tareke, Nossal Institute for Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.; MK Tariku, Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.; S Tariq, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Patient Safety Research Fellow, Department of Metabolism and Systems Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.; NY Tat, Taking Our Best Shot, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Research and Innovation, Enventure Medical Innovation, Houston, TX, USA.; VY Tat, Department of Pathology, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, USA.; N Taveira, Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, Egas Moniz Cooperativa de Ensino Superior CRL, Monte da Caparica, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.; 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Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; CJL Murray, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; HH Kyu, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Electronic address: hmwekyu@uw.edu. |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20251218 Latest Revision: 20251218 |
| Update Code: | 20251219 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/S1473-3099(25)00689-9 |
| PMID: | 41412141 |
| Datenbank: | MEDLINE |
Nájsť tento článok vo Web of Science | Abstract: | Background: Lower respiratory infections (LRIs) remain the world's leading infectious cause of death. This analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 provides global, regional, and national estimates of LRI incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with attribution to 26 pathogens, including 11 newly modelled pathogens, across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2023. With new data and revised modelling techniques, these estimates serve as an update and expansion to GBD 2021. Through these estimates, we also aimed to assess progress towards the 2025 Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD) target for pneumonia mortality in children younger than 5 years.<br />Methods: Mortality from LRIs, defined as physician-diagnosed pneumonia or bronchiolitis, was estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model with data from vital registration, verbal autopsy, surveillance, and minimally invasive tissue sampling. The Bayesian meta-regression tool DisMod-MR 2.1 was used to model overall morbidity due to LRIs. DALYs were calculated as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs) for all locations, years, age groups, and sexes. We modelled pathogen-specific case-fatality ratios (CFRs) for each age group and location using splined binomial regression to create internally consistent estimates of incidence and mortality proportions attributable to viral, fungal, parasitic, and bacterial pathogens. Progress was assessed towards the GAPPD target of less than three deaths from pneumonia per 1000 livebirths, which is roughly equivalent to a mortality rate of less than 60 deaths per 100 000 children younger than 5 years.<br />Findings: In 2023, LRIs were responsible for 2·50 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·24-2·81) deaths and 98·7 million (87·7-112) DALYs, with children younger than 5 years and adults aged 70 years and older carrying the highest burden. LRI mortality in children younger than 5 years fell by 33·4% (10·4-47·4) since 2010, with a global mortality rate of 94·8 (75·6-116·4) per 100 000 person-years in 2023. Among adults aged 70 years and older, the burden remained substantial with only marginal declines since 2010. A mortality rate of less than 60 deaths per 100 000 for children younger than 5 years was met by 129 of the 204 modelled countries in 2023. At a super-regional level, sub-Saharan Africa had an aggregate mortality rate in children younger than 5 years (hereafter referred to as under-5 mortality rate) furthest from the GAPPD target. Streptococcus pneumoniae continued to account for the largest number of LRI deaths globally (634 000 [95% UI 565 000-721 000] deaths or 25·3% [24·5-26·1] of all LRI deaths), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (271 000 [243 000-298 000] deaths or 10·9% [10·3-11·3]), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (228 000 [204 000-261 000] deaths or 9·1% [8·8-9·5]). Among pathogens newly modelled in this study, non-tuberculous mycobacteria (responsible for 177 000 [95% UI 155 000-201 000] deaths) and Aspergillus spp (responsible for 67 800 [59 900-75 900] deaths) emerged as important contributors. Altogether, the 11 newly modelled pathogens accounted for approximately 22% of LRI deaths.<br />Interpretation: This comprehensive analysis underscores both the gains achieved through vaccination and the challenges that remain in controlling the LRI burden globally. Furthermore, it demonstrates persistent disparities in disease burden, with the highest mortality rates concentrated in countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Globally, as well as in these high-burden locations, the under-5 LRI mortality rate remains well above the GAPPD target. Progress towards this target requires equitable access to vaccines and preventive therapies-including newer interventions such as respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibodies-and health systems capable of early diagnosis and treatment. Expanding surveillance of emerging pathogens, strengthening adult immunisation programmes, and combating vaccine hesitancy are also crucial. As the global population ages, the dual challenge of sustaining gains in child survival while addressing the rising vulnerability in older adults will shape future pneumonia control strategies.<br />Funding: Gates Foundation.<br /> (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.) |
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| ISSN: | 1474-4457 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/S1473-3099(25)00689-9 |