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Warming Fluctuations Strengthen the Photo-Phagotrophic Coupling in Mixoplanktonic Protists.

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Title:	Warming Fluctuations Strengthen the Photo-Phagotrophic Coupling in Mixoplanktonic Protists.
Authors:	Cabrerizo MJ; Departmento de Ecología & Instituto Universitario de Investigación del Agua, Universidad de Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain. mjc@ugr.es.; Estación de Fotobiología Playa Unión, Casilla de Correos 15, Rawson, Chubut, 9103, Argentina. mjc@ugr.es., González-Olalla JM; Departmento de Ecología & Instituto Universitario de Investigación del Agua, Universidad de Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain.; Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, 11510, Spain., Medina-Sánchez JM; Departmento de Ecología & Instituto Universitario de Investigación del Agua, Universidad de Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain., Vila-Duplá M; Departmento de Ecología & Instituto Universitario de Investigación del Agua, Universidad de Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain., Carrillo P; Departmento de Ecología & Instituto Universitario de Investigación del Agua, Universidad de Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain.
Source:	Microbial ecology [Microb Ecol] 2025 Nov 18; Vol. 88 (1), pp. 138. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 18.
Publication Type:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Journal Info:	Publisher: Springer-Verlag Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7500663 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1432-184X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00953628 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Microb Ecol Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s):	Original Publication: New York, Springer-Verlag.
MeSH Terms:	Global Warming* , Phytoplankton/growth & development , Phytoplankton/physiology , Phytoplankton/metabolism , Plankton/growth & development , Plankton*/physiology, Photosynthesis ; Electron Transport ; Temperature ; Carbon/metabolism ; Ecosystem ; Phototrophic Processes ; Food Chain
Abstract:	Mixoplankton, a major trophic group in aquatic ecosystems, are being affected by global warming. However, most studies on temperature effects use constant mean conditions, overlooking how short-term thermal fluctuations could deviate from climate projections and impact this group. We experimentally quantified how increasing amplitudes of warming fluctuation (± 1, 3, and 5 °C) alter carbon-specific electron transport (ETR ^c ), net photosynthesis (P ^c ), respiration (R ^c ), phagotrophy (Ph ^c ), carbon use efficiency (CUE), and growth (µ) in four protist species (three mixoplanktonic and one strict phototroph). We observed a consistent positive link between photosynthetic efficiency (P ^c :ETR ^c ratio) and Ph ^c , and a shift towards a strengthening of the phagotrophy (P ^c :ETR ^c / Ph ^c ratio) with greater thermal fluctuation. A potential explanation is a selective behavior aimed to increase phagotrophy to obtain inorganic nutrients through ingested prey internal re-cycling rather than relying on the environment, to support an enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and growth. An enhanced, coupled photo-phagotrophy activity could boost mixoplankton competitiveness compared to phytoplankton. Our findings underscore the need to incorporate trophic flexibility and its interaction with environmental variability into trait-based models to better predict community dynamics, biogeochemical cycling, and food web structure in aquatic ecosystems. (© 2025. The Author(s).)
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Grant Information:	PID2022-136280NA-I00 MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the European Regional Development Fund; RYC2023-042504-I MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the European Social Fund plus (ESF+); DGP-POST-2024-00283 Junta de Andalucía; TED2021-131262B-I00 MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by the European Union NextGeneration EU/PRTR; FPU19/05924 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; PID2020-118872RB-I00 MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)
Contributed Indexing:	Keywords: Carbon use efficiency; Electron transport rates; Jensen inequality; Net photosynthesis; Phago-mixotrophy; Respiration
Substance Nomenclature:	7440-44-0 (Carbon)
Entry Date(s):	Date Created: 20251119 Date Completed: 20251206 Latest Revision: 20251206
Update Code:	20251206
DOI:	10.1007/s00248-025-02658-2
PMID:	41258129
Database:	MEDLINE

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Abstract:	Mixoplankton, a major trophic group in aquatic ecosystems, are being affected by global warming. However, most studies on temperature effects use constant mean conditions, overlooking how short-term thermal fluctuations could deviate from climate projections and impact this group. We experimentally quantified how increasing amplitudes of warming fluctuation (± 1, 3, and 5 °C) alter carbon-specific electron transport (ETR <sup>c</sup> ), net photosynthesis (P <sup>c</sup> ), respiration (R <sup>c</sup> ), phagotrophy (Ph <sup>c</sup> ), carbon use efficiency (CUE), and growth (µ) in four protist species (three mixoplanktonic and one strict phototroph). We observed a consistent positive link between photosynthetic efficiency (P <sup>c</sup> :ETR <sup>c</sup> ratio) and Ph <sup>c</sup> , and a shift towards a strengthening of the phagotrophy (P <sup>c</sup> :ETR <sup>c</sup> / Ph <sup>c</sup> ratio) with greater thermal fluctuation. A potential explanation is a selective behavior aimed to increase phagotrophy to obtain inorganic nutrients through ingested prey internal re-cycling rather than relying on the environment, to support an enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and growth. An enhanced, coupled photo-phagotrophy activity could boost mixoplankton competitiveness compared to phytoplankton. Our findings underscore the need to incorporate trophic flexibility and its interaction with environmental variability into trait-based models to better predict community dynamics, biogeochemical cycling, and food web structure in aquatic ecosystems.<br /> (© 2025. The Author(s).)
ISSN:	1432-184X
DOI:	10.1007/s00248-025-02658-2