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Comparing Media and Law Enforcement Reports on Anti-Asian Hate Incidents During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Data Visualization Approach.

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Title: Comparing Media and Law Enforcement Reports on Anti-Asian Hate Incidents During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Data Visualization Approach.
Authors: Yoon YJ; Department of Social Work, Colorado State University Pueblo, Pueblo, CO, United States., Shin SH; Department of Family and Consumer Studies, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States., Kim D; School of Social Work, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States., Lee HY; School of Social Work, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.
Source: JMIR formative research [JMIR Form Res] 2025 Sep 17; Vol. 9, pp. e70881. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Sep 17.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Comparative Study
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: JMIR Publications Country of Publication: Canada NLM ID: 101726394 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2561-326X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 2561326X NLM ISO Abbreviation: JMIR Form Res Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Toronto, ON, Canada : JMIR Publications, [2017]-
MeSH Terms: COVID-19*/epidemiology , COVID-19*/psychology , Law Enforcement*/methods , Hate* , Mass Media*/statistics & numerical data , Data Visualization* , Crime*/statistics & numerical data, Humans ; United States/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics
Abstract: Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, anti-Asian hate incidents (AAHIs) increased conspicuously. Literature reports discrepancies in how crimes are reported differently in media and law enforcement data, emphasizing potential biases and inconsistencies in AAHI reporting. Understanding the discrepancies in AAHI reporting between the two sources is crucial for improving documentation procedures and addressing systemic issues in reporting mechanisms.
Objective: This study aimed to (1) present the monthly trends in AAHI counts reported by media and law enforcement data from 2020 to 2021, (2) investigate variations in AAHI counts across states and counties for each year, (3) examine discrepancies in AAHI reporting between the two sources at state and county levels during the same period, and (4) delineate differences in the types and geographic distribution of incidents as represented by the two sources.
Methods: This study used two data sources for AAHIs, media data (n=1288) from The Asian American Foundation and law enforcement data (n=1086) from the Federal Bureau of Investigation, for the 2020-2021 period. Descriptive analyses were conducted to evaluate monthly trends, state and county-level variations, and differences in incident types and locations. Ratios of reported incidents between the two sources were calculated to assess discrepancies. Temporal trends were contextualized within key sociopolitical events to offer insights into reporting dynamics.
Results: First, both media and law enforcement data presented a sharp increase in reported AAHIs following the first confirmed COVID-19 case in the United States, peaking around March 2020, coinciding with controversial political rhetoric. A second peak occurred from March to April 2021, immediately following the pandemic's peak, and was followed by a decline as the situation improved. Second, in the two data sources, the state-level analysis indicated that California, Texas, New York, and Washington consistently reported the highest AAHI counts. In 2021, there were notable increases in reported incidents in states such as Wisconsin and Illinois. County-level data revealed persistent high counts in California, particularly in Los Angeles County. Ratios of AAHI counts between the two data sources presented significant discrepancies, with higher ratios in California and New York. Finally, the analysis of incident types revealed that media data reported a higher proportion of harassment (477/1288, 37%), while the law enforcement data reported more property-related incidents (239/1086, 22%). Regarding location types, media data frequently reported incidents in public areas (515/1288, 40%) and businesses (361/1288, 28%), whereas law enforcement data reported more incidents occurring in residential settings (201/1086, 18.5%).
Conclusions: This study highlighted significant trends and disparities in AAHI reporting between media and law enforcement data, underscoring the need for a nuanced understanding of how these incidents were reported. Practice and policy implications suggested fostering community engagement to support Asian communities while enhancing the accuracy and consistency of hate crime reporting.
(©Young Ji Yoon, Su Hyun Shin, Dongwook Kim, Hee Yun Lee. Originally published in JMIR Formative Research (https://formative.jmir.org), 17.09.2025.)
References: Am J Crim Justice. 2020;45(4):647-667. (PMID: 32837171)
J Interpers Violence. 2023 Jan;38(1-2):NP1088-NP1116. (PMID: 35544766)
PLoS Med. 2017 Oct 10;14(10):e1002399. (PMID: 29016598)
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Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Asian American and Pacific Islanders; COVID-19; United States; anti-Asian hate incidents; hate crimes
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20250917 Date Completed: 20250917 Latest Revision: 20251005
Update Code: 20251005
PubMed Central ID: PMC12489402
DOI: 10.2196/70881
PMID: 40962320
Database: MEDLINE
Description
Abstract:Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, anti-Asian hate incidents (AAHIs) increased conspicuously. Literature reports discrepancies in how crimes are reported differently in media and law enforcement data, emphasizing potential biases and inconsistencies in AAHI reporting. Understanding the discrepancies in AAHI reporting between the two sources is crucial for improving documentation procedures and addressing systemic issues in reporting mechanisms.<br />Objective: This study aimed to (1) present the monthly trends in AAHI counts reported by media and law enforcement data from 2020 to 2021, (2) investigate variations in AAHI counts across states and counties for each year, (3) examine discrepancies in AAHI reporting between the two sources at state and county levels during the same period, and (4) delineate differences in the types and geographic distribution of incidents as represented by the two sources.<br />Methods: This study used two data sources for AAHIs, media data (n=1288) from The Asian American Foundation and law enforcement data (n=1086) from the Federal Bureau of Investigation, for the 2020-2021 period. Descriptive analyses were conducted to evaluate monthly trends, state and county-level variations, and differences in incident types and locations. Ratios of reported incidents between the two sources were calculated to assess discrepancies. Temporal trends were contextualized within key sociopolitical events to offer insights into reporting dynamics.<br />Results: First, both media and law enforcement data presented a sharp increase in reported AAHIs following the first confirmed COVID-19 case in the United States, peaking around March 2020, coinciding with controversial political rhetoric. A second peak occurred from March to April 2021, immediately following the pandemic's peak, and was followed by a decline as the situation improved. Second, in the two data sources, the state-level analysis indicated that California, Texas, New York, and Washington consistently reported the highest AAHI counts. In 2021, there were notable increases in reported incidents in states such as Wisconsin and Illinois. County-level data revealed persistent high counts in California, particularly in Los Angeles County. Ratios of AAHI counts between the two data sources presented significant discrepancies, with higher ratios in California and New York. Finally, the analysis of incident types revealed that media data reported a higher proportion of harassment (477/1288, 37%), while the law enforcement data reported more property-related incidents (239/1086, 22%). Regarding location types, media data frequently reported incidents in public areas (515/1288, 40%) and businesses (361/1288, 28%), whereas law enforcement data reported more incidents occurring in residential settings (201/1086, 18.5%).<br />Conclusions: This study highlighted significant trends and disparities in AAHI reporting between media and law enforcement data, underscoring the need for a nuanced understanding of how these incidents were reported. Practice and policy implications suggested fostering community engagement to support Asian communities while enhancing the accuracy and consistency of hate crime reporting.<br /> (©Young Ji Yoon, Su Hyun Shin, Dongwook Kim, Hee Yun Lee. Originally published in JMIR Formative Research (https://formative.jmir.org), 17.09.2025.)
ISSN:2561-326X
DOI:10.2196/70881