Cyanotoxin and domoic acid occurrence, relation with salinity, and potential recreational health risks in U.S. coasts in the 2015 US EPA National Coastal Condition Assessment.
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| Title: | Cyanotoxin and domoic acid occurrence, relation with salinity, and potential recreational health risks in U.S. coasts in the 2015 US EPA National Coastal Condition Assessment. |
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| Authors: | Donovan AR; U.S. Geological Survey, Central Plains Water Science Center, Algal and Other Environmental Toxins Laboratory, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA; Metropolitan Community College-Maple Woods, Kansas City, MO 64156. Electronic address: ariel.donovan@mcckc.edu., Laughrey ZR; U.S. Geological Survey, Central Plains Water Science Center, Algal and Other Environmental Toxins Laboratory, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA. Electronic address: zlaughrey@usgs.gov., Femmer RA; U.S. Geological Survey, Central Plains Water Science Center, Algal and Other Environmental Toxins Laboratory, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA. Electronic address: rafemmer@gmail.com., Senegal SL; U.S. Geological Survey, Central Plains Water Science Center, Algal and Other Environmental Toxins Laboratory, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA. Electronic address: sarena.senegal@gmail.com., Loftin KA; U.S. Geological Survey, Central Plains Water Science Center, Algal and Other Environmental Toxins Laboratory, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA. Electronic address: kloftin@usgs.gov. |
| Source: | Harmful algae [Harmful Algae] 2025 Nov; Vol. 149, pp. 102935. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 27. |
| Publication Type: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Journal Info: | Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 101128968 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1878-1470 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 15689883 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Harmful Algae Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, c2002- |
| MeSH Terms: | Kainic Acid*/analogs & derivatives , Kainic Acid*/analysis , Marine Toxins*/analysis , Salinity* , Microcystins*/analysis , Bacterial Toxins*/analysis , Seawater*/chemistry, United States ; Cyanobacteria Toxins ; Environmental Monitoring ; Cyanobacteria/chemistry ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Recreation ; Humans ; Chromatography, Liquid |
| Abstract: | Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no competing interests. In the first nationwide study of cyanotoxins in U.S. estuaries, algal toxins, cyanotoxins, chlorophyll, and salinity were measured in samples collected during the National Coastal Condition Assessment 2015. Anatoxin-a (ANAA), cylindrospermopsin (CYLS), domoic acid (DMAC), and microcystins (MCs) were detected by LC/MS/MS in 0.6, 0.9, 8.3, and 2.0 % of samples with mean concentrations of detections of 0.13, 0.13, 0.53, and 0.49 µg/L, respectively. MCs by ELISA were also evaluated, and 4.0 % of samples had measurable MCs with a mean of 0.78 µg/L. While ANAA and CYLS were detected south of 40° latitude, MCs by ELISA and DMAC occurred nationwide. Results were compared to freshwater recreational health thresholds from the World Health Organization and US Environmental Protection Agency to evaluate potential recreational exposure to MCs and CYLS since marine thresholds do not currently exist. Cyanotoxins were categorized using the 2021 World Health Organization Alert Level Framework for recreational exposure with 99.4, 99.1, 94.7, 98.0, and 44.7 % of samples being at the Vigilance Level for ANAA, CYLS, MCs (ELISA and LC/MS/MS), and chlorophyll, respectively with the remaining samples at Alert Level 1. Chlorophyll had 19.9 and 9.9 % of samples at Alert Level 1 and Alert Level 2, respectively. All cyanotoxins were below US EPA health advisory thresholds. ANAA, CYLS, DMAC, and MCs by ELISA were detected in samples with a wide range of salinities, while MCs by LC/MS/MS only occurred in samples with salinity <5 part per thousand (PPT). The source of cyanotoxins is likely a combination of inland transport and in situ estuarine production. (Published by Elsevier B.V.) |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: Cyanotoxins; Domoic acid; Estuaries; Microcystins; Recreational exposure risk; Salinity |
| Substance Nomenclature: | M02525818H (domoic acid) 0 (Cyanobacteria Toxins) SIV03811UC (Kainic Acid) 0 (Marine Toxins) 0 (Microcystins) 0 (Bacterial Toxins) |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20250911 Date Completed: 20250915 Latest Revision: 20250915 |
| Update Code: | 20250916 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.hal.2025.102935 |
| PMID: | 40935525 |
| Database: | MEDLINE |
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Nájsť tento článok vo Web of Science | Abstract: | Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no competing interests.<br />In the first nationwide study of cyanotoxins in U.S. estuaries, algal toxins, cyanotoxins, chlorophyll, and salinity were measured in samples collected during the National Coastal Condition Assessment 2015. Anatoxin-a (ANAA), cylindrospermopsin (CYLS), domoic acid (DMAC), and microcystins (MCs) were detected by LC/MS/MS in 0.6, 0.9, 8.3, and 2.0 % of samples with mean concentrations of detections of 0.13, 0.13, 0.53, and 0.49 µg/L, respectively. MCs by ELISA were also evaluated, and 4.0 % of samples had measurable MCs with a mean of 0.78 µg/L. While ANAA and CYLS were detected south of 40° latitude, MCs by ELISA and DMAC occurred nationwide. Results were compared to freshwater recreational health thresholds from the World Health Organization and US Environmental Protection Agency to evaluate potential recreational exposure to MCs and CYLS since marine thresholds do not currently exist. Cyanotoxins were categorized using the 2021 World Health Organization Alert Level Framework for recreational exposure with 99.4, 99.1, 94.7, 98.0, and 44.7 % of samples being at the Vigilance Level for ANAA, CYLS, MCs (ELISA and LC/MS/MS), and chlorophyll, respectively with the remaining samples at Alert Level 1. Chlorophyll had 19.9 and 9.9 % of samples at Alert Level 1 and Alert Level 2, respectively. All cyanotoxins were below US EPA health advisory thresholds. ANAA, CYLS, DMAC, and MCs by ELISA were detected in samples with a wide range of salinities, while MCs by LC/MS/MS only occurred in samples with salinity <5 part per thousand (PPT). The source of cyanotoxins is likely a combination of inland transport and in situ estuarine production.<br /> (Published by Elsevier B.V.) |
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| ISSN: | 1878-1470 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.hal.2025.102935 |