Demotivated, but still attentive: Text disfluency does not affect mind-wandering and reading comprehension, but reduces motivation.
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| Název: | Demotivated, but still attentive: Text disfluency does not affect mind-wandering and reading comprehension, but reduces motivation. |
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| Autoři: | Tietz S; Department of Psychology, Psychology Institute, Heidelberg University, Hauptstraße 47-51, 69 117, Heidelberg, Germany., Müller M; Department of Psychology, Psychology Institute, Heidelberg University, Hauptstraße 47-51, 69 117, Heidelberg, Germany., Rummel J; Department of Psychology, Psychology Institute, Heidelberg University, Hauptstraße 47-51, 69 117, Heidelberg, Germany. jan.rummel@psychologie.uni-heidelberg.de., Steindorf L; TSG ResearchLab, Zuzenhausen, Germany. |
| Zdroj: | Psychonomic bulletin & review [Psychon Bull Rev] 2025 Dec; Vol. 32 (6), pp. 3143-3152. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 07. |
| Způsob vydávání: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | English |
| Informace o časopise: | Publisher: Springer] Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 9502924 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1531-5320 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10699384 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Psychon Bull Rev Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Publication: <2013-> : [New York : Springer] Original Publication: Austin, TX : Psychonomic Society, Inc., c1994- |
| Výrazy ze slovníku MeSH: | Reading* , Comprehension*/physiology , Motivation*/physiology , Attention*/physiology , Thinking*/physiology, Humans ; Young Adult ; Female ; Adult ; Male ; Adolescent |
| Abstrakt: | Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. As a student project, this study was exempt from ethical approval as according to the local ethics board the supervisors of the project will ensure ethical standards. Consent to participate: Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants included in the study. Consent for publication: Informed consent for publication was obtained from all participants included in the study. Conflicts of interest/Competing interests: The authors have no relevant conflicts of interest to disclose. Studies on the relationship between text-processing difficulty, mind wandering, and reading comprehension achieved mixed results. Whereas most studies found mind-wandering frequency to be increased and reading comprehension to be decreased when text processing became more difficult, Faber et al. (Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 24(3), 914-919, 2017) reported an opposite effect when manipulating text difficulty via different font types (i.e., Arial vs. Comic Sans). This effect may reflect a potential of mildly disfluent fonts, such as Comic Sans, to introduce desirable difficulties during reading, thereby enhancing focus on the text. Strongly disfluent fonts, however, may contribute to the commonly observed disadvantages in text focus under conditions of increased text processing difficulty. To test this idea, we conducted a new study (N = 151, student sample) in which we manipulated disfluency in three levels (i.e., fluent, mildly disfluent, strongly disfluent) by using different font types, and compared mind-wandering frequency, reading comprehension, and reading motivation between conditions. The disfluency manipulation affected motivation but not mind wandering or reading comprehension. Additional Bayesian analyses strongly supported the null hypothesis for the latter two. These results suggest that the positive effects of reading disfluency may be less robust than previously assumed and that further research is needed to explore to which extent text-processing difficulty effects on mind wandering are reliant on sample and text characteristics. (© 2025. The Author(s).) |
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| Grant Information: | Ru1996/4-1 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: Disfluency; Mind wandering; Motivation; Reading; Reading comprehension; Text difficulty |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20250808 Date Completed: 20251118 Latest Revision: 20251121 |
| Update Code: | 20251121 |
| PubMed Central ID: | PMC12627145 |
| DOI: | 10.3758/s13423-025-02735-0 |
| PMID: | 40775586 |
| Databáze: | MEDLINE |
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Nájsť tento článok vo Web of Science | Abstrakt: | Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. As a student project, this study was exempt from ethical approval as according to the local ethics board the supervisors of the project will ensure ethical standards. Consent to participate: Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants included in the study. Consent for publication: Informed consent for publication was obtained from all participants included in the study. Conflicts of interest/Competing interests: The authors have no relevant conflicts of interest to disclose.<br />Studies on the relationship between text-processing difficulty, mind wandering, and reading comprehension achieved mixed results. Whereas most studies found mind-wandering frequency to be increased and reading comprehension to be decreased when text processing became more difficult, Faber et al. (Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 24(3), 914-919, 2017) reported an opposite effect when manipulating text difficulty via different font types (i.e., Arial vs. Comic Sans). This effect may reflect a potential of mildly disfluent fonts, such as Comic Sans, to introduce desirable difficulties during reading, thereby enhancing focus on the text. Strongly disfluent fonts, however, may contribute to the commonly observed disadvantages in text focus under conditions of increased text processing difficulty. To test this idea, we conducted a new study (N = 151, student sample) in which we manipulated disfluency in three levels (i.e., fluent, mildly disfluent, strongly disfluent) by using different font types, and compared mind-wandering frequency, reading comprehension, and reading motivation between conditions. The disfluency manipulation affected motivation but not mind wandering or reading comprehension. Additional Bayesian analyses strongly supported the null hypothesis for the latter two. These results suggest that the positive effects of reading disfluency may be less robust than previously assumed and that further research is needed to explore to which extent text-processing difficulty effects on mind wandering are reliant on sample and text characteristics.<br /> (© 2025. The Author(s).) |
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| ISSN: | 1531-5320 |
| DOI: | 10.3758/s13423-025-02735-0 |