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Dietary exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pets: Evidence from urinary biomonitoring.

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Titel: Dietary exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pets: Evidence from urinary biomonitoring.
Autoren: Yun PJ; Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea; Risk Assessment Team, Korean Institute of Product Safety, Seoul, 06771, Republic of Korea., Choo G; Department of Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea., Park H; Department of Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea., Shin M; Department of Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea., Jin H; Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea., Kim KT; Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: ktkim@seoultech.ac.kr.
Quelle: Environmental research [Environ Res] 2025 Nov 15; Vol. 285 (Pt 3), pp. 122496. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 05.
Publikationsart: Journal Article
Sprache: English
Info zur Zeitschrift: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 0147621 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1096-0953 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00139351 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Environ Res Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: <2000- > : Amsterdam : Elsevier
Original Publication: New York, Academic Press.
MeSH-Schlagworte: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons*/urine , Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons*/analysis , Biological Monitoring* , Dietary Exposure*/analysis , Pets* , Animal Feed*/analysis , Environmental Pollutants*/urine , Food Contamination*/analysis, Animals ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Republic of Korea ; Humans
Abstract: Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Little is known about the pet exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), despite their shared indoor environments with humans. This study is the first to investigate PAH exposure in pets by analyzing paired dog food and urine samples. Specifically, levels and distributions of PAHs and their metabolites were determined in 47 commercial dried granule dog food samples and corresponding urine samples to assess exposure through dietary intake. Total PAHs and their metabolites were detected in all dog food (range: 0.308-55.0 ng/g, average: 10.7 ng/g) and urine samples (range: 565-10,094 ng/g creatinine, average: 4298 ng/g creatinine), respectively. Naphthalene (73 % of total PAHs) and its hydroxylated metabolite, 1-OH-naphthalene and 2-OH-naphthalene (79 % of total metabolites), were the predominant compounds identified in both dog food and urine samples. The concentrations of PAH metabolites in dog urine were comparable to those reported for the Korean population in the 2021-2023 cycle of the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS). Urinary concentrations of PAH metabolites positively correlated with body weight; however, no significant differences were observed based on age, gender, eating habit, or hair length. Notably, significant correlations were identified between the concentrations of ∑ 4 PAHs in dog food and their corresponding hydroxylated metabolite concentrations in urine samples, suggesting that dietary intake as one of contributors to the cumulative PAH burden in dogs. Nevertheless, the dietary contribution was relatively minor; the estimated daily intake through food consumption (EDI food ) accounted for only 1.57 % of the cumulative daily intake (CDI) calculated from urinary PAH concentrations. This key finding indicates that non-dietary exposure from the dogs' surrounding environment may be the predominant pathway for their overall PAH burden.
(Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Daily intake; Dog; Food; Metabolite; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Urine
Substance Nomenclature: 0 (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons)
0 (Environmental Pollutants)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20250803 Date Completed: 20251017 Latest Revision: 20251017
Update Code: 20251018
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2025.122496
PMID: 40754285
Datenbank: MEDLINE
Beschreibung
Abstract:Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.<br />Little is known about the pet exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), despite their shared indoor environments with humans. This study is the first to investigate PAH exposure in pets by analyzing paired dog food and urine samples. Specifically, levels and distributions of PAHs and their metabolites were determined in 47 commercial dried granule dog food samples and corresponding urine samples to assess exposure through dietary intake. Total PAHs and their metabolites were detected in all dog food (range: 0.308-55.0 ng/g, average: 10.7 ng/g) and urine samples (range: 565-10,094 ng/g creatinine, average: 4298 ng/g creatinine), respectively. Naphthalene (73 % of total PAHs) and its hydroxylated metabolite, 1-OH-naphthalene and 2-OH-naphthalene (79 % of total metabolites), were the predominant compounds identified in both dog food and urine samples. The concentrations of PAH metabolites in dog urine were comparable to those reported for the Korean population in the 2021-2023 cycle of the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS). Urinary concentrations of PAH metabolites positively correlated with body weight; however, no significant differences were observed based on age, gender, eating habit, or hair length. Notably, significant correlations were identified between the concentrations of ∑ <subscript>4</subscript> PAHs in dog food and their corresponding hydroxylated metabolite concentrations in urine samples, suggesting that dietary intake as one of contributors to the cumulative PAH burden in dogs. Nevertheless, the dietary contribution was relatively minor; the estimated daily intake through food consumption (EDI <subscript>food</subscript> ) accounted for only 1.57 % of the cumulative daily intake (CDI) calculated from urinary PAH concentrations. This key finding indicates that non-dietary exposure from the dogs' surrounding environment may be the predominant pathway for their overall PAH burden.<br /> (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
ISSN:1096-0953
DOI:10.1016/j.envres.2025.122496