Exploring the validity of US Pharmacopeia pictograms among young Spanish citizens who have completed secondary education.
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| Titel: | Exploring the validity of US Pharmacopeia pictograms among young Spanish citizens who have completed secondary education. |
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| Autoren: | Ferreira-Alfaya FJ; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain. Electronic address: fcoferalf@correo.ugr.es., Cura Y; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain., Zarzuelo-Romero MJ; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain. |
| Quelle: | Patient education and counseling [Patient Educ Couns] 2025 Nov; Vol. 140, pp. 109274. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 25. |
| Publikationsart: | Journal Article; Multicenter Study |
| Sprache: | English |
| Info zur Zeitschrift: | Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Ireland NLM ID: 8406280 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-5134 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 07383991 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Patient Educ Couns Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Publication: Limerick : Elsevier Original Publication: Princeton, N.J. : Excerpta Medica, c1983- |
| MeSH-Schlagworte: | Health Literacy* , Comprehension*, Humans ; Female ; Male ; Spain ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Adolescent ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult ; Adult ; Reproducibility of Results ; United States |
| Abstract: | Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest Francisco Javier Ferreira-Alfaya, Yasmin Cura and María José Zarzuelo-Romero declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Objective: This study aimed to explore the validity of US Pharmacopeia pictograms among young Spanish citizens who have completed secondary education. Methods: A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in Melilla, Spain, with young citizens who completed secondary education in 2021-2022, recruited through convenience sampling. A random selection of US Pharmacopeia pictograms was assessed to examine comprehension results and their relationship with relevant sociodemographic variables and Health Literacy measured using the validated questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q16). Only pictograms meeting the ISO comprehensibility threshold of 66.70 % upon initial presentation were considered valid. Simple linear regression analyzed user factors affecting pictogram comprehension, and significant variables (p < 0.05) were included in a multiple regression to evaluate their combined effect. Results: Of the 20 pictograms evaluated, 12 met the minimum comprehensibility threshold. Some safety-related pictograms showed particularly low results. For instance, the pictogram intended to convey "flammable" had a notably low comprehensibility rate (29.33 %). Health literacy was the strongest predictor of comprehension, with higher scores among individuals with high Health literacy (67.77 %) compared to those with low Health literacy (61.79 %). The multivariate model confirmed that Health literacy (p = 10⁻⁴), male gender (p = 0.029), non-European origin (p = 0.034), and age (p = 0.037) were associated with lower comprehension. Conclusions: US Pharmacopeia pictograms do not achieve sufficient comprehensibility to ensure the safe and appropriate use of medications in this population. New pictograms will need to be developed or existing ones reconceptualized to ensure valid use within this population. Practice Implications: Enhancing Health Literacy education in schools is crucial for improving the comprehension of pharmaceutical pictograms, ensuring their effective application in health communication strategies. (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.) |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: Comprehension; Drug labeling; Health communication; Health education; Health literacy; Spain; Visual aids |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20250731 Date Completed: 20250907 Latest Revision: 20250908 |
| Update Code: | 20250909 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.pec.2025.109274 |
| PMID: | 40743696 |
| Datenbank: | MEDLINE |
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Nájsť tento článok vo Web of Science | Abstract: | Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest Francisco Javier Ferreira-Alfaya, Yasmin Cura and María José Zarzuelo-Romero declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.<br />Objective: This study aimed to explore the validity of US Pharmacopeia pictograms among young Spanish citizens who have completed secondary education.<br />Methods: A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in Melilla, Spain, with young citizens who completed secondary education in 2021-2022, recruited through convenience sampling. A random selection of US Pharmacopeia pictograms was assessed to examine comprehension results and their relationship with relevant sociodemographic variables and Health Literacy measured using the validated questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q16). Only pictograms meeting the ISO comprehensibility threshold of 66.70 % upon initial presentation were considered valid. Simple linear regression analyzed user factors affecting pictogram comprehension, and significant variables (p < 0.05) were included in a multiple regression to evaluate their combined effect.<br />Results: Of the 20 pictograms evaluated, 12 met the minimum comprehensibility threshold. Some safety-related pictograms showed particularly low results. For instance, the pictogram intended to convey "flammable" had a notably low comprehensibility rate (29.33 %). Health literacy was the strongest predictor of comprehension, with higher scores among individuals with high Health literacy (67.77 %) compared to those with low Health literacy (61.79 %). The multivariate model confirmed that Health literacy (p = 10⁻⁴), male gender (p = 0.029), non-European origin (p = 0.034), and age (p = 0.037) were associated with lower comprehension.<br />Conclusions: US Pharmacopeia pictograms do not achieve sufficient comprehensibility to ensure the safe and appropriate use of medications in this population. New pictograms will need to be developed or existing ones reconceptualized to ensure valid use within this population.<br />Practice Implications: Enhancing Health Literacy education in schools is crucial for improving the comprehension of pharmaceutical pictograms, ensuring their effective application in health communication strategies.<br /> (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.) |
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| ISSN: | 1873-5134 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.pec.2025.109274 |