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Validation of step time and asymmetry detection algorithm in high-intensity running with Movesense IMU.

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Bibliographic Details
Title: Validation of step time and asymmetry detection algorithm in high-intensity running with Movesense IMU.
Authors: Martín Gómez R; University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. Electronic address: marra610@student.otago.ac.nz., Kamstra H; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Electronic address: h.kamstra@vu.nl., Allevard E; University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. Electronic address: eall036@aucklanduni.ac.nz., Pollet-Villard L; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. Electronic address: pollu324@student.otago.ac.nz., Cotter J; University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. Electronic address: jim.cotter@otago.ac.nz., Lamb P; University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. Electronic address: peter.lamb@otago.ac.nz.
Source: Journal of biomechanics [J Biomech] 2025 Sep; Vol. 190, pp. 112873. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 17.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Validation Study
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: Elsevier Science Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0157375 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-2380 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00219290 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Biomech Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: New York ; Oxford : Elsevier Science
MeSH Terms: Accelerometry*/instrumentation , Accelerometry*/methods , Detection Algorithms* , Running*/physiology , Wearable Electronic Devices*, Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Young Adult ; Acceleration ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Reproducibility of Results
Abstract: Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Movesense devices are open-source, low-cost, programmable with Bluetooth capability, offering applications from performance analysis to injury monitoring. Within a wider project aimed at developing comprehensive and freely-available assessment of human movement using wearable devices, this study aims to evaluate the validity and reliability of Movesense Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) and novel algorithms for measuring step time and its right-left asymmetry during running. Data were collected using an app connected to the IMUs with custom firmware installed. The results were compared with those from a standard force plate system. Fourteen participants (7 females, 7 males; age: 22 ± 3 y; mass: 70.6 ± 8.7 kg) provided informed consent and performed a running protocol consisting of increments of 1 km/h every 2 min, starting at 8 km/h and continuing until exhaustion. Chest-mounted IMUs sampled at 208 Hz, while a force plate sampled at 1000 Hz. Step time was calculated by analysing vertical acceleration in both time and frequency domains, and vertical axis angular velocity was used to identify left and right foot strikes. The step time calculations resulted in a mean difference of 0 ± 6 ms (r = 0.97) across all 33,477 steps. All (100 %) left and right foot strikes were correctly identified. The step time imbalance (STI%) mean difference was 0.1 % ± 0.1 % (r = 0.92) for the 103 speed-by-participant subsets. The agreement is excellent between the Movesense IMU's utilising our custom algorithms and the criterion force plate system for step times, foot strike identification and step time asymmetry.
(Copyright © 2025. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20250722 Date Completed: 20250825 Latest Revision: 20250827
Update Code: 20250903
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112873
PMID: 40694944
Database: MEDLINE
Description
Abstract:Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.<br />Movesense devices are open-source, low-cost, programmable with Bluetooth capability, offering applications from performance analysis to injury monitoring. Within a wider project aimed at developing comprehensive and freely-available assessment of human movement using wearable devices, this study aims to evaluate the validity and reliability of Movesense Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) and novel algorithms for measuring step time and its right-left asymmetry during running. Data were collected using an app connected to the IMUs with custom firmware installed. The results were compared with those from a standard force plate system. Fourteen participants (7 females, 7 males; age: 22 ± 3 y; mass: 70.6 ± 8.7 kg) provided informed consent and performed a running protocol consisting of increments of 1 km/h every 2 min, starting at 8 km/h and continuing until exhaustion. Chest-mounted IMUs sampled at 208 Hz, while a force plate sampled at 1000 Hz. Step time was calculated by analysing vertical acceleration in both time and frequency domains, and vertical axis angular velocity was used to identify left and right foot strikes. The step time calculations resulted in a mean difference of 0 ± 6 ms (r = 0.97) across all 33,477 steps. All (100 %) left and right foot strikes were correctly identified. The step time imbalance (STI%) mean difference was 0.1 % ± 0.1 % (r = 0.92) for the 103 speed-by-participant subsets. The agreement is excellent between the Movesense IMU's utilising our custom algorithms and the criterion force plate system for step times, foot strike identification and step time asymmetry.<br /> (Copyright © 2025. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
ISSN:1873-2380
DOI:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112873