Enumeration 2024: What We Know and What We Wish We Knew About the Governmental Public Health Workforce in a COVID-19 Recovery Landscape.
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| Názov: | Enumeration 2024: What We Know and What We Wish We Knew About the Governmental Public Health Workforce in a COVID-19 Recovery Landscape. |
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| Autori: | Leider JP; Jonathon P. Leider, Nicole M. Weiss, Abby Vogel, Sezen O. Onal, Xiao Zang, Harshada Karnik, Bibin Joseph, and Morgan Pak are with the Center for Public Health Systems, Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. Casey P. Balio and Nathan Dockery are with the Center for Rural Health Research, Department of Health Services Management and Policy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City. Rachel Hogg-Graham is with the College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington. Paula Kett and Betty Bekemeier are with the Center for Health Workforce Studies, University of Washington, Seattle. Joyce Edmonds is with the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Amy Belflower Thomas is with the Public Health Accreditation Board, Alexandria, VA., Balio CP; Jonathon P. Leider, Nicole M. Weiss, Abby Vogel, Sezen O. Onal, Xiao Zang, Harshada Karnik, Bibin Joseph, and Morgan Pak are with the Center for Public Health Systems, Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. Casey P. Balio and Nathan Dockery are with the Center for Rural Health Research, Department of Health Services Management and Policy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City. Rachel Hogg-Graham is with the College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington. Paula Kett and Betty Bekemeier are with the Center for Health Workforce Studies, University of Washington, Seattle. Joyce Edmonds is with the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Amy Belflower Thomas is with the Public Health Accreditation Board, Alexandria, VA., Hogg-Graham R; Jonathon P. Leider, Nicole M. Weiss, Abby Vogel, Sezen O. Onal, Xiao Zang, Harshada Karnik, Bibin Joseph, and Morgan Pak are with the Center for Public Health Systems, Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. Casey P. Balio and Nathan Dockery are with the Center for Rural Health Research, Department of Health Services Management and Policy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City. Rachel Hogg-Graham is with the College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington. Paula Kett and Betty Bekemeier are with the Center for Health Workforce Studies, University of Washington, Seattle. Joyce Edmonds is with the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Amy Belflower Thomas is with the Public Health Accreditation Board, Alexandria, VA., Weiss NM; Jonathon P. Leider, Nicole M. Weiss, Abby Vogel, Sezen O. Onal, Xiao Zang, Harshada Karnik, Bibin Joseph, and Morgan Pak are with the Center for Public Health Systems, Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. Casey P. Balio and Nathan Dockery are with the Center for Rural Health Research, Department of Health Services Management and Policy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City. Rachel Hogg-Graham is with the College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington. Paula Kett and Betty Bekemeier are with the Center for Health Workforce Studies, University of Washington, Seattle. Joyce Edmonds is with the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Amy Belflower Thomas is with the Public Health Accreditation Board, Alexandria, VA., Vogel A; Jonathon P. Leider, Nicole M. Weiss, Abby Vogel, Sezen O. Onal, Xiao Zang, Harshada Karnik, Bibin Joseph, and Morgan Pak are with the Center for Public Health Systems, Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. Casey P. Balio and Nathan Dockery are with the Center for Rural Health Research, Department of Health Services Management and Policy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City. Rachel Hogg-Graham is with the College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington. Paula Kett and Betty Bekemeier are with the Center for Health Workforce Studies, University of Washington, Seattle. Joyce Edmonds is with the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Amy Belflower Thomas is with the Public Health Accreditation Board, Alexandria, VA., Onal SO; Jonathon P. Leider, Nicole M. Weiss, Abby Vogel, Sezen O. Onal, Xiao Zang, Harshada Karnik, Bibin Joseph, and Morgan Pak are with the Center for Public Health Systems, Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. Casey P. Balio and Nathan Dockery are with the Center for Rural Health Research, Department of Health Services Management and Policy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City. Rachel Hogg-Graham is with the College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington. Paula Kett and Betty Bekemeier are with the Center for Health Workforce Studies, University of Washington, Seattle. Joyce Edmonds is with the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Amy Belflower Thomas is with the Public Health Accreditation Board, Alexandria, VA., Zang X; Jonathon P. Leider, Nicole M. Weiss, Abby Vogel, Sezen O. Onal, Xiao Zang, Harshada Karnik, Bibin Joseph, and Morgan Pak are with the Center for Public Health Systems, Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. Casey P. Balio and Nathan Dockery are with the Center for Rural Health Research, Department of Health Services Management and Policy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City. Rachel Hogg-Graham is with the College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington. Paula Kett and Betty Bekemeier are with the Center for Health Workforce Studies, University of Washington, Seattle. Joyce Edmonds is with the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Amy Belflower Thomas is with the Public Health Accreditation Board, Alexandria, VA., Kett P; Jonathon P. Leider, Nicole M. Weiss, Abby Vogel, Sezen O. Onal, Xiao Zang, Harshada Karnik, Bibin Joseph, and Morgan Pak are with the Center for Public Health Systems, Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. Casey P. Balio and Nathan Dockery are with the Center for Rural Health Research, Department of Health Services Management and Policy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City. Rachel Hogg-Graham is with the College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington. Paula Kett and Betty Bekemeier are with the Center for Health Workforce Studies, University of Washington, Seattle. Joyce Edmonds is with the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Amy Belflower Thomas is with the Public Health Accreditation Board, Alexandria, VA., Edmonds J; Jonathon P. Leider, Nicole M. Weiss, Abby Vogel, Sezen O. Onal, Xiao Zang, Harshada Karnik, Bibin Joseph, and Morgan Pak are with the Center for Public Health Systems, Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. Casey P. Balio and Nathan Dockery are with the Center for Rural Health Research, Department of Health Services Management and Policy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City. Rachel Hogg-Graham is with the College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington. Paula Kett and Betty Bekemeier are with the Center for Health Workforce Studies, University of Washington, Seattle. Joyce Edmonds is with the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Amy Belflower Thomas is with the Public Health Accreditation Board, Alexandria, VA., Karnik H; Jonathon P. Leider, Nicole M. Weiss, Abby Vogel, Sezen O. Onal, Xiao Zang, Harshada Karnik, Bibin Joseph, and Morgan Pak are with the Center for Public Health Systems, Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. Casey P. Balio and Nathan Dockery are with the Center for Rural Health Research, Department of Health Services Management and Policy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City. Rachel Hogg-Graham is with the College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington. Paula Kett and Betty Bekemeier are with the Center for Health Workforce Studies, University of Washington, Seattle. Joyce Edmonds is with the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Amy Belflower Thomas is with the Public Health Accreditation Board, Alexandria, VA., Dockery N; Jonathon P. Leider, Nicole M. Weiss, Abby Vogel, Sezen O. Onal, Xiao Zang, Harshada Karnik, Bibin Joseph, and Morgan Pak are with the Center for Public Health Systems, Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. Casey P. Balio and Nathan Dockery are with the Center for Rural Health Research, Department of Health Services Management and Policy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City. Rachel Hogg-Graham is with the College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington. Paula Kett and Betty Bekemeier are with the Center for Health Workforce Studies, University of Washington, Seattle. Joyce Edmonds is with the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Amy Belflower Thomas is with the Public Health Accreditation Board, Alexandria, VA., Joseph B; Jonathon P. Leider, Nicole M. Weiss, Abby Vogel, Sezen O. Onal, Xiao Zang, Harshada Karnik, Bibin Joseph, and Morgan Pak are with the Center for Public Health Systems, Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. Casey P. Balio and Nathan Dockery are with the Center for Rural Health Research, Department of Health Services Management and Policy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City. Rachel Hogg-Graham is with the College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington. Paula Kett and Betty Bekemeier are with the Center for Health Workforce Studies, University of Washington, Seattle. Joyce Edmonds is with the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Amy Belflower Thomas is with the Public Health Accreditation Board, Alexandria, VA., Pak M; Jonathon P. Leider, Nicole M. Weiss, Abby Vogel, Sezen O. Onal, Xiao Zang, Harshada Karnik, Bibin Joseph, and Morgan Pak are with the Center for Public Health Systems, Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. Casey P. Balio and Nathan Dockery are with the Center for Rural Health Research, Department of Health Services Management and Policy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City. Rachel Hogg-Graham is with the College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington. Paula Kett and Betty Bekemeier are with the Center for Health Workforce Studies, University of Washington, Seattle. Joyce Edmonds is with the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Amy Belflower Thomas is with the Public Health Accreditation Board, Alexandria, VA., Thomas AB; Jonathon P. Leider, Nicole M. Weiss, Abby Vogel, Sezen O. Onal, Xiao Zang, Harshada Karnik, Bibin Joseph, and Morgan Pak are with the Center for Public Health Systems, Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. Casey P. Balio and Nathan Dockery are with the Center for Rural Health Research, Department of Health Services Management and Policy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City. Rachel Hogg-Graham is with the College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington. Paula Kett and Betty Bekemeier are with the Center for Health Workforce Studies, University of Washington, Seattle. Joyce Edmonds is with the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Amy Belflower Thomas is with the Public Health Accreditation Board, Alexandria, VA., Bekemeier B; Jonathon P. Leider, Nicole M. Weiss, Abby Vogel, Sezen O. Onal, Xiao Zang, Harshada Karnik, Bibin Joseph, and Morgan Pak are with the Center for Public Health Systems, Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. Casey P. Balio and Nathan Dockery are with the Center for Rural Health Research, Department of Health Services Management and Policy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City. Rachel Hogg-Graham is with the College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington. Paula Kett and Betty Bekemeier are with the Center for Health Workforce Studies, University of Washington, Seattle. Joyce Edmonds is with the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Amy Belflower Thomas is with the Public Health Accreditation Board, Alexandria, VA. |
| Zdroj: | American journal of public health [Am J Public Health] 2025 May; Vol. 115 (5), pp. 707-715. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Mar 20. |
| Spôsob vydávania: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | English |
| Informácie o časopise: | Publisher: American Public Health Association Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 1254074 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1541-0048 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00900036 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Am J Public Health Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Publication: Washington, DC : American Public Health Association Original Publication: New York [etc.] |
| Výrazy zo slovníka MeSH: | COVID-19*/epidemiology , Public Health*/statistics & numerical data , Health Workforce*/statistics & numerical data , Nurses, Public Health*/statistics & numerical data , Nurses, Public Health*/supply & distribution , Workforce*/statistics & numerical data, Humans ; United States/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 |
| Abstrakt: | Objectives. To expand on previous enumerations by assessing the size and composition of the governmental public health workforce in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, identifying workforce trends, occupational distributions, and potential gaps in staffing. Methods. From 2023 to 2024, using 2022 data in the United States, we conducted 3 distinct analyses: (1) estimating the total workforce size, (2) profiling occupation-specific distributions, and (3) evaluating the role and prevalence of public health nurses using novel data sources. For total counts, we used multiple imputation by chained equations to develop robust agency-level estimates and address missingness from multiple data sets. Results. State and local public health agencies grew to approximately 239 000 staff in 2022, up from an estimated 206 500 in 2019. The largest occupation groups included office and administrative support workers (37 576) and public health or community health nurses (29 387). We found that 73 478 (1.8%) of registered nurses nationwide served in governmental public health roles. Conclusions. The size of the workforce during the COVID-19 response has returned to 2008 levels although temporary staff largely constitute the increase. Public Health Implications. An undersized workforce leaves the United States vulnerable to future disasters and current challenges. ( Am J Public Health . 2025;115(5):707-715. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307960). |
| References: | Am J Public Health. 2025 May;115(5):716-725. (PMID: 40203264) J Public Health Manag Pract. 2023 May-Jun 01;29(3):E100-E107. (PMID: 36228097) Int J Health Plann Manage. 2021 May;36(S1):151-167. (PMID: 33625747) Annu Rev Public Health. 2023 Apr 3;44:323-341. (PMID: 36692395) Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2011 Mar;20(1):40-9. (PMID: 21499542) J Public Health Manag Pract. 2003 Nov-Dec;9(6):459-70. (PMID: 14606184) Front Public Health. 2024 Jan 05;11:1306274. (PMID: 38249360) J Public Health Manag Pract. 2018 Sep/Oct;24(5):E1-E11. (PMID: 29112037) Am J Prev Med. 2014 Nov;47(5 Suppl 3):S306-13. (PMID: 25439250) J Public Health Manag Pract. 2007 Jan-Feb;13(1):72-9. (PMID: 17149103) Am J Public Health. 2025 Apr;115(4):536-545. (PMID: 39946677) Annu Rev Public Health. 2004;25:341-56. (PMID: 15015924) |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20250320 Date Completed: 20250409 Latest Revision: 20250502 |
| Update Code: | 20250502 |
| PubMed Central ID: | PMC11983060 |
| DOI: | 10.2105/AJPH.2024.307960 |
| PMID: | 40112268 |
| Databáza: | MEDLINE |
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Nájsť tento článok vo Web of Science | Abstrakt: | Objectives. To expand on previous enumerations by assessing the size and composition of the governmental public health workforce in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, identifying workforce trends, occupational distributions, and potential gaps in staffing. Methods. From 2023 to 2024, using 2022 data in the United States, we conducted 3 distinct analyses: (1) estimating the total workforce size, (2) profiling occupation-specific distributions, and (3) evaluating the role and prevalence of public health nurses using novel data sources. For total counts, we used multiple imputation by chained equations to develop robust agency-level estimates and address missingness from multiple data sets. Results. State and local public health agencies grew to approximately 239 000 staff in 2022, up from an estimated 206 500 in 2019. The largest occupation groups included office and administrative support workers (37 576) and public health or community health nurses (29 387). We found that 73 478 (1.8%) of registered nurses nationwide served in governmental public health roles. Conclusions. The size of the workforce during the COVID-19 response has returned to 2008 levels although temporary staff largely constitute the increase. Public Health Implications. An undersized workforce leaves the United States vulnerable to future disasters and current challenges. ( Am J Public Health . 2025;115(5):707-715. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307960). |
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| ISSN: | 1541-0048 |
| DOI: | 10.2105/AJPH.2024.307960 |