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Microwave hybrid annealing for enhanced crystallinity of SrTiO3 in supercapacitor applications.

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Title: Microwave hybrid annealing for enhanced crystallinity of SrTiO3 in supercapacitor applications.
Authors: Naeem, Uzair1 (AUTHOR), Yaakob, Muhamad Kamil2 (AUTHOR), Alshoaibi, Adil1,3 (AUTHOR) adshoaibi@kfu.edu.sa, Hussain, Fayaz4 (AUTHOR), Wang, Dawei5 (AUTHOR), Kheawhom, Soorathep6 (AUTHOR), Mohamad, Ahmad Azmin1,6 (AUTHOR) aam@usm.my
Source: Ceramics International. Nov2025:Part B, Vol. 51 Issue 27, p53369-53384. 16p.
Subject Terms: *STRONTIUM titanate, *CRYSTALLINITY, *OXYGEN vacancy, *ELECTROCHEMICAL analysis, *MICROWAVE heating, *DENSITY functional theory, *ELECTRIC capacity, *SUPERCAPACITORS
Abstract: Microwave hybrid annealing (MHA) using a silicon wafer susceptor in a domestic oven (10–80 min) was employed to enhance the crystallinity and electrochemical performance of Strontium Titanate (SrTiO 3). First-principles calculations were performed using local density approximation by density functional theory (DFT). Structural analysis confirmed that 20 min yielded optimal crystallinity and phase purity via X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area increased from 8.27 m2 g−1 (pristine) to a maximum of 13.39 m2 g−1 at 20 min of MHA treatment. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the optimized sample showed sharper Ti 2p , Sr 3d , and O 1s peaks with more oxygen vacancies, enhancing reactivity and conductivity. UV–Visible spectroscopy revealed a redshift with slight band gap (E g) reduction (3.22–3.20 eV), indicating structural rearrangement and improved absorption. DFT results confirmed that strain and oxygen vacancies influence E g and conductivity, suggesting enhanced electronic properties for supercapacitor performance. The SrTiO 3 //AC device delivered a maximum capacitance of 51.15 F g−1 at 0.4 A g−1 with 9.67 Wh kg−1 at 200 W kg−1, retaining 84.53 % capacitance at 1 A g−1 after 3000 cycles, highlighting good durability. This low-cost, rapid, and scalable MHA route offers a promising strategy for fabricating high-performance supercapacitor electrodes from readily available materials. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Academic Search Index
Description
Abstract:Microwave hybrid annealing (MHA) using a silicon wafer susceptor in a domestic oven (10–80 min) was employed to enhance the crystallinity and electrochemical performance of Strontium Titanate (SrTiO 3). First-principles calculations were performed using local density approximation by density functional theory (DFT). Structural analysis confirmed that 20 min yielded optimal crystallinity and phase purity via X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area increased from 8.27 m2 g−1 (pristine) to a maximum of 13.39 m2 g−1 at 20 min of MHA treatment. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the optimized sample showed sharper Ti 2p , Sr 3d , and O 1s peaks with more oxygen vacancies, enhancing reactivity and conductivity. UV–Visible spectroscopy revealed a redshift with slight band gap (E g) reduction (3.22–3.20 eV), indicating structural rearrangement and improved absorption. DFT results confirmed that strain and oxygen vacancies influence E g and conductivity, suggesting enhanced electronic properties for supercapacitor performance. The SrTiO 3 //AC device delivered a maximum capacitance of 51.15 F g−1 at 0.4 A g−1 with 9.67 Wh kg−1 at 200 W kg−1, retaining 84.53 % capacitance at 1 A g−1 after 3000 cycles, highlighting good durability. This low-cost, rapid, and scalable MHA route offers a promising strategy for fabricating high-performance supercapacitor electrodes from readily available materials. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
ISSN:02728842
DOI:10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.09.085