Objective Assessment of Visuo‐Spatial Ability Using Implicit Context Representation Cartesian Genetic Programming
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is commonly used to measure the shape of the mouth (oral tract), but there are significant disadvantages to its use for measurements during speech or singing. For example, the subject is supine, the local environment is acoustically noisy and the exposure...
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| Vydáno v: | Genetic and Evolutionary Computation: Medical Applications s. 174 - 189 |
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| Hlavní autoři: | , |
| Médium: | Kapitola |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
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Chichester, UK
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
12.11.2010
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| ISBN: | 9780470748138, 0470748133 |
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| Abstract | Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is commonly used to measure the shape of the mouth (oral tract), but there are significant disadvantages to its use for measurements during speech or singing. For example, the subject is supine, the local environment is acoustically noisy and the exposure time can be quite long. In this chapter, we describe an experimental method that could replace fMRI for oral tract shape measurement. Oral tracts are evolved for a set of vowels for two adult males using physical modelling 2‐dimensional digital waveguide synthesis. Starting with a population of 50 randomly shaped oral tracts, quite close matches to the target natural acoustic outputs were observed after evolution over 50 generations. This was specially the case for phonetically open vowels (e.g. the vowels in “cat”, “cart” and “caught”) as opposed to the results obtained for phonetically close vowels (such as “kit”, get” and “coot”). It is suggested that this is because of the narrow oral tract constriction associated with close vowels to which special attention needs to be paid in the future and that this technique offers a potential alternative to fMRI for vocal tract shape measurement. |
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| AbstractList | Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is commonly used to measure the shape of the mouth (oral tract), but there are significant disadvantages to its use for measurements during speech or singing. For example, the subject is supine, the local environment is acoustically noisy and the exposure time can be quite long. In this chapter, we describe an experimental method that could replace fMRI for oral tract shape measurement. Oral tracts are evolved for a set of vowels for two adult males using physical modelling 2‐dimensional digital waveguide synthesis. Starting with a population of 50 randomly shaped oral tracts, quite close matches to the target natural acoustic outputs were observed after evolution over 50 generations. This was specially the case for phonetically open vowels (e.g. the vowels in “cat”, “cart” and “caught”) as opposed to the results obtained for phonetically close vowels (such as “kit”, get” and “coot”). It is suggested that this is because of the narrow oral tract constriction associated with close vowels to which special attention needs to be paid in the future and that this technique offers a potential alternative to fMRI for vocal tract shape measurement. |
| Author | Lones, Michael A. Smith, Stephen L. |
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| ContentType | Book Chapter |
| Copyright | Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |
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| DOI | 10.1002/9780470973134.ch10 |
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| Discipline | Medicine |
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| Editor | Cagnoni, Stefano Smith, Stephen L. |
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| References | Miller, Smith (cit14) 2006; 10 Chesmore (cit3) 2001; 62 Lones, Tyrrell (cit12) 2004; 76 Smith, Gaughan, Halliday, Ju, Aly, Playfer (cit18) 2007; 8 Hand, Till (cit9) 2001; 45 Guest, Fairhurst, Potter (cit8) 2000 Lones (cit10) 2003 Clegg, Walker, Miller (cit4) 2007 Cai, Smith, Tyrrell (cit2) 2006 Shimada, Meguro, Kasai, Shimada, Ishii, Yamaguchi, Yamadori (cit16) 2006; 6 Smith, Leggett, Tyrrell (cit17) 2005 Miller, Thomson (cit15) 2000 Lones, Tyrrell (cit11) 2002; 3 Bremner, Morse, Hughes, Andreasen (cit1) 2000; 71 (cit5) 2007 Guest, Fairhurst (cit7) 2002 Fawcett (cit6) 2006; 27 McKhann, Drachman, Folstein, Katzman, Price, Stadlan (cit13) 1984; 34 |
| References_xml | – start-page: 351 year: 2006 end-page: 360 ident: cit2 article-title: Positional independence and recombination in Cartesian genetic programming – year: 2007 ident: cit4 article-title: A new crossover technique for Cartesian genetic programming – volume: 45 start-page: 171 issue: 2 year: 2001 end-page: 186 ident: cit9 article-title: A simple generalization of the area under the ROC curve to multiple class classification problems publication-title: Machine Learning – volume: 8 start-page: 433 issue: 4 year: 2007 end-page: 447 ident: cit18 article-title: Diagnosis of Parkinson's disease using evolutionary algorithms publication-title: Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines – volume: 62 start-page: 1359 year: 2001 end-page: 1374 ident: cit3 article-title: Application of time domain signal coding and artificial neural networks to passive acoustical identification of animals publication-title: Journal of Applied Acoustics – volume: 71 start-page: 621 issue: 3 year: 2000 end-page: 634 ident: cit1 article-title: Relations between drawing cubes and copying line diagrams of cubes in 7‐ to 10‐year‐old children publication-title: Child Development – year: 2003 ident: cit10 – volume: 10 start-page: 167 issue: 2 year: 2006 end-page: 174 ident: cit14 article-title: Redundancy and computational efficiency in Cartesian genetic programming publication-title: IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation – year: 2007 ident: cit5 article-title: Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers – volume: 76 start-page: 229 issue: 1–3 year: 2004 end-page: 238 ident: cit12 article-title: Modelling biological evolvability: implicit context and variation filtering in enzyme genetic programming publication-title: BioSystems – start-page: 157 year: 2002 end-page: 161 ident: cit7 article-title: A novel multi‐stage approach to the detection of visuo‐spatial neglect based on the analysis of figure‐copying tasks – year: 2000 ident: cit15 article-title: Cartesian genetic programming publication-title: Third European Conference on Genetic Programming – start-page: 407 year: 2005 end-page: 416 ident: cit17 article-title: An implicit context representation for evolving image processing filters – volume: 6 start-page: 4 issue: 1 year: 2006 end-page: 9 ident: cit16 article-title: Necker cube copying ability in normal elderly and Alzheimer's disease. A community‐based study: the Tajiri project publication-title: Psychogeriatrics – start-page: 440 year: 2000 end-page: 446 ident: cit8 article-title: Automated extraction of image segments from clinically diagnostic hand‐drawn geometric shapes – volume: 27 start-page: 861 year: 2006 end-page: 874 ident: cit6 article-title: An introduction to ROC analysis publication-title: Pattern Recognition Letters – volume: 34 start-page: 93 year: 1984 end-page: 94 ident: cit13 article-title: Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS‐ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of the Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease publication-title: Neurology – volume: 3 start-page: 193 issue: 2 year: 2002 end-page: 217 ident: cit11 article-title: Biomimetic representation with enzyme genetic programming publication-title: Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines |
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| Snippet | Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is commonly used to measure the shape of the mouth (oral tract), but there are significant disadvantages to its... |
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| SubjectTerms | advanced modelling, diagnosis and treatment using GEC bottom‐up development process ‐ satisfying functionality profiles CGP efficacy, attributed to implicit reuse of subexpressions CGP, graph‐based genetic programming system ‐ performing well within problem domains geometric shape‐drawing tasks ‐ evaluating visuo‐spatial neglect Implicit Context Representation Cartesian Genetic Programming (IRCGP) IRCGP ‐ to identify meaningful patterns of subject movement objective assessment of visuo‐spatial ability ‐ using implicit context representation Cartesian genetic programming Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis ‐ measuring evolved classifier's fitness Visuo‐spatial ability, person's manipulation ‐ of ‘visual representations and spatial relationships’ |
| Title | Objective Assessment of Visuo‐Spatial Ability Using Implicit Context Representation Cartesian Genetic Programming |
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