B Extended to Floating‐Point Numbers: Is it Sufficient for Proving Avionics Software?
In the railway sector, the economic balance between test and proof is neutral: it has not been proven that B reduces costs, but it clearly reduces technical risk and increases confidence levels. In the future, in avionics, in order to maintain this balance, the introduction of formal methods must be...
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| Published in: | Formal Methods Applied to Complex Systems: Implementation of the B Method pp. 391 - 425 |
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| Format: | Book Chapter |
| Language: | English |
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Hoboken, NJ, USA
John Wiley & Sons, Inc
26.06.2014
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| ISBN: | 1848217099, 9781848217096 |
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| Abstract | In the railway sector, the economic balance between test and proof is neutral: it has not been proven that B reduces costs, but it clearly reduces technical risk and increases confidence levels. In the future, in avionics, in order to maintain this balance, the introduction of formal methods must be sufficiently prepared, beginning with projects of limited complexity, and gradually increasing this complexity. Six potential stumbling blocks have been identified, and the complexity of floating‐point numbers in relation to real numbers or integers is far from the most serious of these: the complexity of specifications and algorithms is the difficulty that we really need to bear in mind. In order to make an on‐the‐ground assessment of this additional complexity brought about by floating‐point numbers and the possibility of an approach in delta, Sagem has asked Clearsy to create an AtelierB prototype which would implement a part of the written specification. |
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| AbstractList | In the railway sector, the economic balance between test and proof is neutral: it has not been proven that B reduces costs, but it clearly reduces technical risk and increases confidence levels. In the future, in avionics, in order to maintain this balance, the introduction of formal methods must be sufficiently prepared, beginning with projects of limited complexity, and gradually increasing this complexity. Six potential stumbling blocks have been identified, and the complexity of floating‐point numbers in relation to real numbers or integers is far from the most serious of these: the complexity of specifications and algorithms is the difficulty that we really need to bear in mind. In order to make an on‐the‐ground assessment of this additional complexity brought about by floating‐point numbers and the possibility of an approach in delta, Sagem has asked Clearsy to create an AtelierB prototype which would implement a part of the written specification. |
| Author | Dufour, Jean‐Louis |
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| Copyright | Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |
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| DOI | 10.1002/9781119002727.ch13 |
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| Editor | Boulanger, Jean‐Louis |
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| EndPage | 425 |
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| References | Monniaux (cit29) 2008; 30 Paxson (cit32) 1991 Morgan (cit30) 1990 (cit15) 2001 (cit3) 1992 Boldo, Filliâtre (cit8) 2007 Boulanger (cit10) 2011 (cit16) 2011 Dufour (cit21) 2005 Back (cit7) 1981; 23 Guiho, Hennebert (cit24) 1990 (cit4) 2012 Delmas, Souyris (cit20) 2007; 4634 Thornton (cit36) 1970 Souryis, Wiels, Delmas (cit34) 2009 (cit5) 1996 Boulanger (cit9) 2011 (cit14) 2000 (cit27) 1998 Spivey (cit35) 1989 Ayad, Marché (cit6) 2010 Muller (cit31) 2010 Abrial (cit2) 1996 Boulanger (cit11) 2011 Burdy, Dufour, Lecomte (cit13) 2012 Georges (cit23) 1990; 6 Cousot (cit18) 2000; 19 Higham (cit25) 2002 Hoare (cit26) 1969; 12 Dehbonei, Mejia (cit19) 1994; 873 cit28 Rojas (cit33) 1997; 19 Abrial (cit1) 1984; 4 Forin (cit22) 1989 Boulanger (cit12) 2012 Chapront (cit17) 1989 |
| References_xml | – year: 1996 ident: cit2 article-title: The B Book – Assigning Programs to Meanings – volume: 873 start-page: 26 year: 1994 end-page: 34 ident: cit19 article-title: Formal methods in the railways signalling industry publication-title: FME '94: Industrial Benefit of Formal Methods – year: 2005 ident: cit21 article-title: Automotive safety concepts: 10‐9/h for less than 100€ a piece – year: 2000 ident: cit14 article-title: Applications Ferroviaires. Spécification et démonstration de la fiabilité, de la disponibilité, de la maintenabilité et de la sécurité (FMDS) – volume: 6 year: 1990 ident: cit23 article-title: Principes et fonctionnement du Système d'Aide à la Conduite, à l'Exploitation et à la Maintenance (SACEM), application à la ligne a du RER publication-title: Revue Générale des Chemins de fer – year: 1970 ident: cit36 article-title: Design of a Computer: The Control Data 6600 – year: 2009 ident: cit34 article-title: Formal verification of avionics software products” publication-title: Formal Methods – year: 2011 ident: cit10 article-title: Sécurisation des architectures informatiques industrielles – volume: 30 issue: 3 year: 2008 ident: cit29 article-title: The pitfalls of verifying floating‐point computations publication-title: ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS) – year: 1990 ident: cit30 article-title: Programming from Specifications – year: 2011 ident: cit16 article-title: Railway applications – communications, signalling and processing systems – software for railway control and protection systems – ident: cit28 article-title: IEEE standard for (binary) floating‐point arithmetic – volume: 19 issue: 2 year: 1997 ident: cit33 article-title: Konrad Zuse's legacy: the architecture of the Z1 and Z3 publication-title: IEEE Annals of the History of Computing – year: 2011 ident: cit9 article-title: Utilisations industrielles des techniques formelles – interprétation abstraite – volume: 12 start-page: 576 issue: 10 year: 1969 end-page: 580 ident: cit26 article-title: An axiomatic basis for computer programming publication-title: Communications of the ACM – year: 2012 ident: cit4 article-title: Software considerations in airborne systems and equipment certification, DO 178C, RTCA – volume: 23 start-page: 49 year: 1981 end-page: 68 ident: cit7 article-title: On correct refinement of programs” publication-title: Journal of Computer and System Sciences – year: 1989 ident: cit35 article-title: The Z Notation‐ A Reference Manual – volume: 4634 start-page: 437 year: 2007 end-page: 451 ident: cit20 article-title: Astrée: from research to industry publication-title: 14th International Static Analysis Symposium – volume: 19 start-page: 155 issue: 1–3 year: 2000 end-page: 164 ident: cit18 article-title: Interprétation abstraite publication-title: Technique et Science Informatique, Hermès, Paris – start-page: 187 year: 2007 end-page: 194 ident: cit8 article-title: Formal verification of floating‐point programs publication-title: 18th IEEE International Symposium on Computer Arithmetic – year: 2010 ident: cit31 article-title: Handbook of Floating‐Point Arithmetic – year: 1992 ident: cit3 article-title: Software considerations in airborne systems and equipment certification, DO 178B and l'EUROCAE, no. ED12 – year: 2012 ident: cit13 article-title: The B Method Takes up Floating‐Point Numbers – year: 1989 ident: cit17 article-title: Christian Galivel, results of a safety software validation: SACEM publication-title: Proceedings of the IFAC CCCT'89 Symposium (Control, Computers, Communication in Transportation) – year: 2012 ident: cit12 article-title: Outils de mise en œuvre industrielle des techniques formelles – year: 1998 ident: cit27 article-title: Sécurité fonctionnelle des systèmes électriques électroniques programmables relatifs à la sécurité, International Standard – volume: 4 start-page: 45 year: 1984 end-page: 86 ident: cit1 article-title: The mathematical construction of a program publication-title: Science of Computer Programming – year: 2001 ident: cit15 article-title: Railway applications – communications, signalling and processing systems – software for railway control and protection systems – year: 1989 ident: cit22 article-title: Vital coded microprocessor principles and application for various transit systems publication-title: Proceedings of the IFAC CCCT'89 Symposium (Control, Computers, Communication in Transportation) – year: 1996 ident: cit5 article-title: Arp 4754 Certification considerations for highly‐integrated or complex systems, publié par le SAE, et par l'EUROCAE, no. ED79 – year: 2010 ident: cit6 article-title: Multi‐prover verification of floating‐point programs – year: 2011 ident: cit11 article-title: Utilisation industrielles des techniques formelles – interprétation abstraite – year: 1991 ident: cit32 article-title: A program for testing IEEE decimal‐binary conversion – year: 2002 ident: cit25 article-title: Accuracy and Stability of Numerical Algorithms – year: 1990 ident: cit24 article-title: SACEM software validation publication-title: Proceedings of the International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE'90) |
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| Snippet | In the railway sector, the economic balance between test and proof is neutral: it has not been proven that B reduces costs, but it clearly reduces technical... |
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| SubjectTerms | AtelierB prototype avionics floating‐point numbers |
| Title | B Extended to Floating‐Point Numbers: Is it Sufficient for Proving Avionics Software? |
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