Immunogenicity of a Recombinant Subunit Vaccine Against Feline Coronavirus: A Comparative Study of Three Different Adjuvants
Currently, there is no effective vaccine against feline coronavirus infections. The coronavirus Spike (S) protein plays a critical role in viral binding to cell receptors and contains multiple neutralizing antibody epitopes that trigger the host's immune response to combat infection. Selecting...
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| Published in: | Iranian journal of immunology Vol. 22; no. 3; p. 207 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Shiraz
Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research
30.09.2025
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| ISSN: | 1735-1383, 1735-367X, 1735-367X |
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| Abstract | Currently, there is no effective vaccine against feline coronavirus infections. The coronavirus Spike (S) protein plays a critical role in viral binding to cell receptors and contains multiple neutralizing antibody epitopes that trigger the host's immune response to combat infection. Selecting an optimized adjuvant is essential to ensure robust vaccine-induced immunity against pathogenic infections.
To produce a recombinant S protein for the development of subunit vaccines and evaluate the immune responses elicited by different adjuvants.
In this study, we developed three subunit vaccines incorporating distinct adjuvants: Alh, ISA201, and CFA FCoV-SP. BALB/c mice were immunized three times via subcutaneous injections with each vaccine formulation. Serum samples were then analyzed to evaluate S protein-specific IgG levels and cytokine concentrations using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), assessing the magnitude and nature of the vaccine-induced immune responses.
The ISA201 FCoV-SP vaccine induced significantly higher total IgG levels than those in the Alh or CFA groups. All tested protein concentrations resulted in increased serum IgG antibody levels, with the optimal immune dose of recombinant S protein being 15 µg/dose. Additionally, the ISA201 FCoV-SP vaccine led to increased expression of interferon-γ, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α.
Collectively, our findings suggest that ISA201 serves as the most effective adjuvant for a recombinant S protein subunit vaccine against FCoV. Additionally, the subunit vaccine developed in this study exhibited acceptable immune responses in mice. |
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| AbstractList | Currently, there is no effective vaccine against feline coronavirus infections. The coronavirus Spike (S) protein plays a critical role in viral binding to cell receptors and contains multiple neutralizing antibody epitopes that trigger the host's immune response to combat infection. Selecting an optimized adjuvant is essential to ensure robust vaccine-induced immunity against pathogenic infections.BackgroundCurrently, there is no effective vaccine against feline coronavirus infections. The coronavirus Spike (S) protein plays a critical role in viral binding to cell receptors and contains multiple neutralizing antibody epitopes that trigger the host's immune response to combat infection. Selecting an optimized adjuvant is essential to ensure robust vaccine-induced immunity against pathogenic infections.To produce a recombinant S protein for the development of subunit vaccines and evaluate the immune responses elicited by different adjuvants.ObjectiveTo produce a recombinant S protein for the development of subunit vaccines and evaluate the immune responses elicited by different adjuvants.In this study, we developed three subunit vaccines incorporating distinct adjuvants: Alh, ISA201, and CFA FCoV-SP. BALB/c mice were immunized three times via subcutaneous injections with each vaccine formulation. Serum samples were then analyzed to evaluate S protein-specific IgG levels and cytokine concentrations using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), assessing the magnitude and nature of the vaccine-induced immune responses.MethodsIn this study, we developed three subunit vaccines incorporating distinct adjuvants: Alh, ISA201, and CFA FCoV-SP. BALB/c mice were immunized three times via subcutaneous injections with each vaccine formulation. Serum samples were then analyzed to evaluate S protein-specific IgG levels and cytokine concentrations using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), assessing the magnitude and nature of the vaccine-induced immune responses.The ISA201 FCoV-SP vaccine induced significantly higher total IgG levels than those in the Alh or CFA groups. All tested protein concentrations resulted in increased serum IgG antibody levels, with the optimal immune dose of recombinant S protein being 15 µg/dose. Additionally, the ISA201 FCoV-SP vaccine led to increased expression of interferon-γ, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α.ResultsThe ISA201 FCoV-SP vaccine induced significantly higher total IgG levels than those in the Alh or CFA groups. All tested protein concentrations resulted in increased serum IgG antibody levels, with the optimal immune dose of recombinant S protein being 15 µg/dose. Additionally, the ISA201 FCoV-SP vaccine led to increased expression of interferon-γ, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α.Collectively, our findings suggest that ISA201 serves as the most effective adjuvant for a recombinant S protein subunit vaccine against FCoV. Additionally, the subunit vaccine developed in this study exhibited acceptable immune responses in mice.ConclusionCollectively, our findings suggest that ISA201 serves as the most effective adjuvant for a recombinant S protein subunit vaccine against FCoV. Additionally, the subunit vaccine developed in this study exhibited acceptable immune responses in mice. Background: Currently, there is no effective vaccine against feline coronavirus infections. The coronavirus Spike (S) protein plays a critical role in viral binding to cell receptors and contains multiple neutralizing antibody epitopes that trigger the host's immune response to combat infection. Selecting an optimized adjuvant is essential to ensure robust vaccine-induced immunity against pathogenic infections. Objectives: To produce a recombinant S protein for the development of subunit vaccines and evaluate the immune responses elicited by different adjuvants. Methods: In this study, we developed three subunit vaccines incorporating distinct adjuvants: Alh, ISA201, and CFA FCoV-SP. BALB/c mice were immunized three times via subcutaneous injections with each vaccine formulation. Serum samples were then analyzed to evaluate S protein-specific IgG levels and cytokine concentrations using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), assessing the magnitude and nature of the vaccine-induced immune responses. Results: The ISA201 FCoV-SP vaccine induced significantly higher total IgG levels than those in the Alh or CFA groups. All tested protein concentrations resulted in increased serum IgG antibody levels, with the optimal immune dose of recombinant S protein being 15 µg/dose. Additionally, the ISA201 FCoV-SP vaccine led to increased expression of interferon-γ, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Conclusion: Collectively, our findings suggest that ISA201 serves as the most effective adjuvant for a recombinant S protein subunit vaccine against FCoV. Additionally, the subunit vaccine developed in this study exhibited acceptable immune responses in mice. Currently, there is no effective vaccine against feline coronavirus infections. The coronavirus Spike (S) protein plays a critical role in viral binding to cell receptors and contains multiple neutralizing antibody epitopes that trigger the host's immune response to combat infection. Selecting an optimized adjuvant is essential to ensure robust vaccine-induced immunity against pathogenic infections. To produce a recombinant S protein for the development of subunit vaccines and evaluate the immune responses elicited by different adjuvants. In this study, we developed three subunit vaccines incorporating distinct adjuvants: Alh, ISA201, and CFA FCoV-SP. BALB/c mice were immunized three times via subcutaneous injections with each vaccine formulation. Serum samples were then analyzed to evaluate S protein-specific IgG levels and cytokine concentrations using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), assessing the magnitude and nature of the vaccine-induced immune responses. The ISA201 FCoV-SP vaccine induced significantly higher total IgG levels than those in the Alh or CFA groups. All tested protein concentrations resulted in increased serum IgG antibody levels, with the optimal immune dose of recombinant S protein being 15 µg/dose. Additionally, the ISA201 FCoV-SP vaccine led to increased expression of interferon-γ, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Collectively, our findings suggest that ISA201 serves as the most effective adjuvant for a recombinant S protein subunit vaccine against FCoV. Additionally, the subunit vaccine developed in this study exhibited acceptable immune responses in mice. |
| Author | Hu, Wenqian Zhang, Shuo Guo, Yina Zhang, Xiaodong Zou, Weijie Dong, Bo Lin, Weiming |
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| Snippet | Currently, there is no effective vaccine against feline coronavirus infections. The coronavirus Spike (S) protein plays a critical role in viral binding to... Background: Currently, there is no effective vaccine against feline coronavirus infections. The coronavirus Spike (S) protein plays a critical role in viral... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adjuvants Adjuvants, Immunologic - administration & dosage Adjuvants, Vaccine Animals Antibodies, Neutralizing - blood Antibodies, Viral - blood Antibodies, Viral - immunology Cats Coronavirus Infections - immunology Coronavirus Infections - prevention & control Coronavirus, Feline - immunology Coronaviruses Cytokines - metabolism Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Epitopes Female Immune response Immunogenicity Immunogenicity, Vaccine Immunoglobulin G Immunoglobulin G - blood Interleukin 8 Mice Mice, Inbred BALB C Proteins Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus - genetics Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus - immunology Vaccines Vaccines, Subunit - immunology Vaccines, Synthetic - immunology Viral Vaccines - immunology γ-Interferon |
| Title | Immunogenicity of a Recombinant Subunit Vaccine Against Feline Coronavirus: A Comparative Study of Three Different Adjuvants |
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