Increase in Mental Disorders During the COVID-19 Pandemic-The Role of Occupational and Financial Strains
Numerous studies have reported an increase in mental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the exact reasons for this development are not well understood. In this study we investigate whether pandemic-related occupational and financial changes (e.g., reduced working hours, working from home, f...
Uložené v:
| Vydané v: | Deutsches Ärzteblatt international Ročník 119; číslo 11; s. 179 |
|---|---|
| Hlavní autori: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | English |
| Vydavateľské údaje: |
Germany
18.03.2022
|
| Predmet: | |
| ISSN: | 1866-0452, 1866-0452 |
| On-line prístup: | Zistit podrobnosti o prístupe |
| Tagy: |
Pridať tag
Žiadne tagy, Buďte prvý, kto otaguje tento záznam!
|
| Abstract | Numerous studies have reported an increase in mental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the exact reasons for this development are not well understood. In this study we investigate whether pandemic-related occupational and financial changes (e.g., reduced working hours, working from home, financial losses) were associated with increased symptoms of depression and anxiety compared with the situation before the pandemic.
We analyzed data from the German National Cohort (NAKO) Study. Between May and November 2020, 161 849 study participants answered questions on their mental state and social circumstances. Their responses were compared with data from the baseline survey before the pandemic (2014-2019). Linear fixed-effects models were used to determine whether individual changes in the severity of symptoms of depression (PHQ-9) or anxiety (GAD-7) were associated with occupational/ financial changes (controlling for various covariates).
The prevalence of moderate or severe symptoms of depression and anxiety increased by 2.4% and 1.5%, respectively, during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with the preceding years. The mean severity of the symptoms rose slightly. A pronounced increase in symptoms was observed among those who became unemployed during the pandemic (+ 1.16 points on the depression scale, 95% confidence interval [0.91; 1.41], range 0-27). Increases were also seen for reduced working hours with no short-time allowance, increased working hours, working from home, insecurity regarding employment, and financial strain. The deterioration in mental health was largely statistically explained by the occupational and financial changes investigated in the model.
Depressive symptoms and anxiety disorders increased slightly in the study population during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Occupational and financial difficulties were an essential contributory factor. These strains should be taken into account both in the care of individual patients and in the planning of targeted prevention measures. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Numerous studies have reported an increase in mental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the exact reasons for this development are not well understood. In this study we investigate whether pandemic-related occupational and financial changes (e.g., reduced working hours, working from home, financial losses) were associated with increased symptoms of depression and anxiety compared with the situation before the pandemic.
We analyzed data from the German National Cohort (NAKO) Study. Between May and November 2020, 161 849 study participants answered questions on their mental state and social circumstances. Their responses were compared with data from the baseline survey before the pandemic (2014-2019). Linear fixed-effects models were used to determine whether individual changes in the severity of symptoms of depression (PHQ-9) or anxiety (GAD-7) were associated with occupational/ financial changes (controlling for various covariates).
The prevalence of moderate or severe symptoms of depression and anxiety increased by 2.4% and 1.5%, respectively, during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with the preceding years. The mean severity of the symptoms rose slightly. A pronounced increase in symptoms was observed among those who became unemployed during the pandemic (+ 1.16 points on the depression scale, 95% confidence interval [0.91; 1.41], range 0-27). Increases were also seen for reduced working hours with no short-time allowance, increased working hours, working from home, insecurity regarding employment, and financial strain. The deterioration in mental health was largely statistically explained by the occupational and financial changes investigated in the model.
Depressive symptoms and anxiety disorders increased slightly in the study population during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Occupational and financial difficulties were an essential contributory factor. These strains should be taken into account both in the care of individual patients and in the planning of targeted prevention measures. Numerous studies have reported an increase in mental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the exact reasons for this development are not well understood. In this study we investigate whether pandemic-related occupational and financial changes (e.g., reduced working hours, working from home, financial losses) were associated with increased symptoms of depression and anxiety compared with the situation before the pandemic.BACKGROUNDNumerous studies have reported an increase in mental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the exact reasons for this development are not well understood. In this study we investigate whether pandemic-related occupational and financial changes (e.g., reduced working hours, working from home, financial losses) were associated with increased symptoms of depression and anxiety compared with the situation before the pandemic.We analyzed data from the German National Cohort (NAKO) Study. Between May and November 2020, 161 849 study participants answered questions on their mental state and social circumstances. Their responses were compared with data from the baseline survey before the pandemic (2014-2019). Linear fixed-effects models were used to determine whether individual changes in the severity of symptoms of depression (PHQ-9) or anxiety (GAD-7) were associated with occupational/ financial changes (controlling for various covariates).METHODSWe analyzed data from the German National Cohort (NAKO) Study. Between May and November 2020, 161 849 study participants answered questions on their mental state and social circumstances. Their responses were compared with data from the baseline survey before the pandemic (2014-2019). Linear fixed-effects models were used to determine whether individual changes in the severity of symptoms of depression (PHQ-9) or anxiety (GAD-7) were associated with occupational/ financial changes (controlling for various covariates).The prevalence of moderate or severe symptoms of depression and anxiety increased by 2.4% and 1.5%, respectively, during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with the preceding years. The mean severity of the symptoms rose slightly. A pronounced increase in symptoms was observed among those who became unemployed during the pandemic (+ 1.16 points on the depression scale, 95% confidence interval [0.91; 1.41], range 0-27). Increases were also seen for reduced working hours with no short-time allowance, increased working hours, working from home, insecurity regarding employment, and financial strain. The deterioration in mental health was largely statistically explained by the occupational and financial changes investigated in the model.RESULTSThe prevalence of moderate or severe symptoms of depression and anxiety increased by 2.4% and 1.5%, respectively, during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with the preceding years. The mean severity of the symptoms rose slightly. A pronounced increase in symptoms was observed among those who became unemployed during the pandemic (+ 1.16 points on the depression scale, 95% confidence interval [0.91; 1.41], range 0-27). Increases were also seen for reduced working hours with no short-time allowance, increased working hours, working from home, insecurity regarding employment, and financial strain. The deterioration in mental health was largely statistically explained by the occupational and financial changes investigated in the model.Depressive symptoms and anxiety disorders increased slightly in the study population during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Occupational and financial difficulties were an essential contributory factor. These strains should be taken into account both in the care of individual patients and in the planning of targeted prevention measures.CONCLUSIONDepressive symptoms and anxiety disorders increased slightly in the study population during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Occupational and financial difficulties were an essential contributory factor. These strains should be taken into account both in the care of individual patients and in the planning of targeted prevention measures. |
| Author | Rospleszcz, Susanne Schulze, Matthias B Michels, Karin B Völzke, Henry Riedel-Heller, Steffi Lang, Olga Schmidt, Börge Gastell, Sylvia Berger, Klaus Panreck, Leo Legath, Nicole Meinke-Franze, Claudia Dragano, Nico Kluttig, Alexander Rietschel, Marcella Holloczek, Bernd Greiser, Karin H Pischon, Tobias Reuter, Marvin Engels, Miriam Bohn, Barbara Feinkohl, Insa Fischer, Beate Leitzmann, Michael Obi, Nadia Schikowski, Tamara Willich, Stefan N Peters, Annette Lieb, Wolfgang Ahrens, Wolfgang Brenner, Hermann Franzke, Claus-Werner Keil, Thomas Karch, André Wirkner, Kerstin Krause, Gérard Kuß, Oliver Mikolajczyk, Rafael Kaaks, Rudolf Jöckel, Karl-Heinz Stang, Andreas Zeeb, Hajo |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Nico surname: Dragano fullname: Dragano, Nico organization: Institute of Medical Sociology, Center for Health and Society, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Münster, Germany – sequence: 2 givenname: Marvin surname: Reuter fullname: Reuter, Marvin – sequence: 3 givenname: Annette surname: Peters fullname: Peters, Annette – sequence: 4 givenname: Miriam surname: Engels fullname: Engels, Miriam – sequence: 5 givenname: Börge surname: Schmidt fullname: Schmidt, Börge – sequence: 6 givenname: Karin H surname: Greiser fullname: Greiser, Karin H – sequence: 7 givenname: Barbara surname: Bohn fullname: Bohn, Barbara – sequence: 8 givenname: Steffi surname: Riedel-Heller fullname: Riedel-Heller, Steffi – sequence: 9 givenname: André surname: Karch fullname: Karch, André – sequence: 10 givenname: Rafael surname: Mikolajczyk fullname: Mikolajczyk, Rafael – sequence: 11 givenname: Gérard surname: Krause fullname: Krause, Gérard – sequence: 12 givenname: Olga surname: Lang fullname: Lang, Olga – sequence: 13 givenname: Leo surname: Panreck fullname: Panreck, Leo – sequence: 14 givenname: Marcella surname: Rietschel fullname: Rietschel, Marcella – sequence: 15 givenname: Hermann surname: Brenner fullname: Brenner, Hermann – sequence: 16 givenname: Beate surname: Fischer fullname: Fischer, Beate – sequence: 17 givenname: Claus-Werner surname: Franzke fullname: Franzke, Claus-Werner – sequence: 18 givenname: Sylvia surname: Gastell fullname: Gastell, Sylvia – sequence: 19 givenname: Bernd surname: Holloczek fullname: Holloczek, Bernd – sequence: 20 givenname: Karl-Heinz surname: Jöckel fullname: Jöckel, Karl-Heinz – sequence: 21 givenname: Rudolf surname: Kaaks fullname: Kaaks, Rudolf – sequence: 22 givenname: Thomas surname: Keil fullname: Keil, Thomas – sequence: 23 givenname: Alexander surname: Kluttig fullname: Kluttig, Alexander – sequence: 24 givenname: Oliver surname: Kuß fullname: Kuß, Oliver – sequence: 25 givenname: Nicole surname: Legath fullname: Legath, Nicole – sequence: 26 givenname: Michael surname: Leitzmann fullname: Leitzmann, Michael – sequence: 27 givenname: Wolfgang surname: Lieb fullname: Lieb, Wolfgang – sequence: 28 givenname: Claudia surname: Meinke-Franze fullname: Meinke-Franze, Claudia – sequence: 29 givenname: Karin B surname: Michels fullname: Michels, Karin B – sequence: 30 givenname: Nadia surname: Obi fullname: Obi, Nadia – sequence: 31 givenname: Tobias surname: Pischon fullname: Pischon, Tobias – sequence: 32 givenname: Insa surname: Feinkohl fullname: Feinkohl, Insa – sequence: 33 givenname: Susanne surname: Rospleszcz fullname: Rospleszcz, Susanne – sequence: 34 givenname: Tamara surname: Schikowski fullname: Schikowski, Tamara – sequence: 35 givenname: Matthias B surname: Schulze fullname: Schulze, Matthias B – sequence: 36 givenname: Andreas surname: Stang fullname: Stang, Andreas – sequence: 37 givenname: Henry surname: Völzke fullname: Völzke, Henry – sequence: 38 givenname: Stefan N surname: Willich fullname: Willich, Stefan N – sequence: 39 givenname: Kerstin surname: Wirkner fullname: Wirkner, Kerstin – sequence: 40 givenname: Hajo surname: Zeeb fullname: Zeeb, Hajo – sequence: 41 givenname: Wolfgang surname: Ahrens fullname: Ahrens, Wolfgang – sequence: 42 givenname: Klaus surname: Berger fullname: Berger, Klaus |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35197188$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
| BookMark | eNpNkE9PwzAMxSM0xP7AF-CAcuTSETtplx7RxmDS0BAMrlXaJiyoTUvSHuDTU4khcXn2s362rDclI9c4TcglsDlHLm-U_-50Xs1rZIhzBpyfkAnIJImYiHH0rx-TaQgfjCWQIj8jYx5DugApJ-SwcYXXKmhqHX3UrlMVXdnQ-FL7QFe9t-6ddgdNl7u3zSqClD4pV-raFtF-mD43laaNobui6FvV2cYN-wNA19YpV9jBvXReWRfOyalRVdAXxzojr-u7_fIh2u7uN8vbbdSCgC5SeSxTVkhhwJg4LoU0iINwM_xcmhKUYKmQAjBeCAESFyxPlOAMFDcaBM7I9e_d1jefvQ5dVttQ6KpSTjd9yDDhKFkqExzQqyPa57Uus9bbWvmv7C8d_AHBHWho |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| DBID | CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 7X8 |
| DOI | 10.3238/arztebl.m2022.0133 |
| DatabaseName | Medline MEDLINE MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE MEDLINE PubMed MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitle | MEDLINE Medline Complete MEDLINE with Full Text PubMed MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitleList | MEDLINE MEDLINE - Academic |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 2 dbid: 7X8 name: MEDLINE - Academic url: https://search.proquest.com/medline sourceTypes: Aggregation Database |
| DeliveryMethod | no_fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Medicine |
| EISSN | 1866-0452 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 35197188 |
| Genre | Journal Article |
| GroupedDBID | 2WC 36B 53G AAWTL ABIVO ADBBV ADOJX ADZJE AENEX ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS BAWUL BMSDO CGR CUY CVF DARCH DIK E3Z EBD EBS ECM ECT EIF ESI HYE NPM OK1 04C 7X8 AAFWJ EIHBH RPM |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-p141t-ab5890c84f1ff55d48f2248f3f351dfd1a40948412574418270b6a4301a3fe142 |
| IEDL.DBID | 7X8 |
| ISICitedReferencesCount | 47 |
| ISICitedReferencesURI | http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000810342800001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| ISSN | 1866-0452 |
| IngestDate | Thu Jul 10 23:05:09 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 03 06:56:53 EDT 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | false |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 11 |
| Language | English |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-p141t-ab5890c84f1ff55d48f2248f3f351dfd1a40948412574418270b6a4301a3fe142 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 |
| PMID | 35197188 |
| PQID | 2632809862 |
| PQPubID | 23479 |
| ParticipantIDs | proquest_miscellaneous_2632809862 pubmed_primary_35197188 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2022-03-18 20220318 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2022-03-18 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 03 year: 2022 text: 2022-03-18 day: 18 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationPlace | Germany |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: Germany |
| PublicationTitle | Deutsches Ärzteblatt international |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Dtsch Arztebl Int |
| PublicationYear | 2022 |
| SSID | ssj0061923 |
| Score | 2.4583702 |
| Snippet | Numerous studies have reported an increase in mental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the exact reasons for this development are not well... |
| SourceID | proquest pubmed |
| SourceType | Aggregation Database Index Database |
| StartPage | 179 |
| SubjectTerms | Anxiety - epidemiology COVID-19 - epidemiology Depression - diagnosis Depression - epidemiology Humans Mental Disorders - epidemiology Pandemics SARS-CoV-2 |
| Title | Increase in Mental Disorders During the COVID-19 Pandemic-The Role of Occupational and Financial Strains |
| URI | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35197188 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2632809862 |
| Volume | 119 |
| WOSCitedRecordID | wos000810342800001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| hasFullText | |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| link | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1LS8NAEF7Uinjx_agvVvC6bTa7aTYnkdaiYGvxUXoL2ewuFtqkNtWDv97ZPNSLIHgJOSQQdiYz37y-QejCl4F2FYsJA7RAuIkZEYYZIqnr2K0o2uSzMMM7v98Xo1EwKBNuWdlWWdnE3FCrNLY58qblFRdOAAD8cvZK7NYoW10tV2gsoxoDKGO12h99VRHy2MAGXKIFUTP33GJohoGXakbzj4WWk8YUgn-3ATiI_Q4xc1fT3fzvR26hjRJk4qtCK7bRkk520FqvLKPvohewCrYZXeNxggsWH1zRcGa4k08uYkCGuH0_vO0QGuCBzTVPxzEBtcIP6UTj1OCfDMUYHsDdir4DP-arJ7I99Ny9fmrfkHLlAplRThckkp4InFhwQ43xPMWFAR9vpcc8qoyikY0HBQdY5AOQEq7vyFbEwUpEzGjK3X20kqSJPkQYoI6igWZKBJxLX0kHbrTk0mNaB8apo_PqDENQaVuniBKdvmXh9ynW0UEhiHBWcG-Edp8guFNx9Ie3j9G6la7tGKPiBNUM_ND6FK3G74txNj_LdQWu_UHvE9jex3M |
| linkProvider | ProQuest |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Increase+in+Mental+Disorders+During+the+COVID-19+Pandemic-The+Role+of+Occupational+and+Financial+Strains&rft.jtitle=Deutsches+%C3%84rzteblatt+international&rft.au=Dragano%2C+Nico&rft.au=Reuter%2C+Marvin&rft.au=Peters%2C+Annette&rft.au=Engels%2C+Miriam&rft.date=2022-03-18&rft.issn=1866-0452&rft.eissn=1866-0452&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=11&rft.spage=179&rft_id=info:doi/10.3238%2Farztebl.m2022.0133&rft.externalDBID=NO_FULL_TEXT |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1866-0452&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1866-0452&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1866-0452&client=summon |