Resource selection modeling reveals potential conflicts involving reintroduced lions in Tembe Elephant Park, South Africa

Ecotourism has motivated efforts to reintroduce lions (Panthera leo) to landscapes where they were not previously common. In 2002, four lions were reintroduced into the fenced Tembe Elephant Park, South Africa to improve ecotourism opportunities, but lions potentially compete for habitat with humans...

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Published in:	Journal of zoology (1987) Vol. 296; no. 2; pp. 124 - 132
Main Authors:	Millspaugh, J. J., Rittenhouse, C. D., Montgomery, R. A., Matthews, W. S., Slotow, R.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	London Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.06.2015
Subjects:	Autumn Carnivores Ecology Ecotourism Grasslands Habitats Herbivores lions National parks Natural resources Panthera leo radiotelemetry resource selection Sand Seasons South Africa Spatial distribution Spring Wildcats Wildlife conservation Winter South Africa
ISSN:	0952-8369, 1469-7998
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Abstract	Ecotourism has motivated efforts to reintroduce lions (Panthera leo) to landscapes where they were not previously common. In 2002, four lions were reintroduced into the fenced Tembe Elephant Park, South Africa to improve ecotourism opportunities, but lions potentially compete for habitat with humans and endemic herbivores of conservation concern. We developed a population‐level resource selection function to map the relative probability of lion occurrence throughout Tembe Elephant Park to predict the spatial distribution of potential conflicts. In winter, high relative probability of lion occurrence spatially overlapped with Muzi reedbeds/hygrophilous grassland habitat, which is where humans gather natural resources. Comparatively, we found no spatial overlap with sand forest habitat used by endemic herbivores. The results were opposite in summer, with lion occurrence overlapping sand forest habitat and no predicted overlap with Muzi reedbeds/hygrophilous grassland habitat. During spring and autumn, the highest relative probability of lion occurrence spatially overlapped both Muzi reedbeds/hygrophilous grassland and sand forest habitats. These results show that lions might compete with humans in winter, spring and autumn and with endemic herbivores in all seasons but winter. Despite the success of reserve fencing in limiting human–lion conflicts, we show that communities that reintroduce carnivores continue to balance relative reward, associated with ecotourism, and risks to human safety and species of conservation concern. We discuss the importance of dynamic management practices that ensure temporal segregation between humans and lions within specific habitat types.
AbstractList	Ecotourism has motivated efforts to reintroduce lions (Panthera leo) to landscapes where they were not previously common. In 2002, four lions were reintroduced into the fenced Tembe Elephant Park, South Africa to improve ecotourism opportunities, but lions potentially compete for habitat with humans and endemic herbivores of conservation concern. We developed a population-level resource selection function to map the relative probability of lion occurrence throughout Tembe Elephant Park to predict the spatial distribution of potential conflicts. In winter, high relative probability of lion occurrence spatially overlapped with Muzi reedbeds/hygrophilous grassland habitat, which is where humans gather natural resources. Comparatively, we found no spatial overlap with sand forest habitat used by endemic herbivores. The results were opposite in summer, with lion occurrence overlapping sand forest habitat and no predicted overlap with Muzi reedbeds/hygrophilous grassland habitat. During spring and autumn, the highest relative probability of lion occurrence spatially overlapped both Muzi reedbeds/hygrophilous grassland and sand forest habitats. These results show that lions might compete with humans in winter, spring and autumn and with endemic herbivores in all seasons but winter. Despite the success of reserve fencing in limiting human-lion conflicts, we show that communities that reintroduce carnivores continue to balance relative reward, associated with ecotourism, and risks to human safety and species of conservation concern. We discuss the importance of dynamic management practices that ensure temporal segregation between humans and lions within specific habitat types.
Author	Matthews, W. S. Slotow, R. Millspaugh, J. J. Montgomery, R. A. Rittenhouse, C. D.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: J. J. surname: Millspaugh fullname: Millspaugh, J. J. email: MillspaughJ@missouri.edu organization: Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, University of Missouri, MO, Columbia, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: C. D. surname: Rittenhouse fullname: Rittenhouse, C. D. organization: Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, University of Missouri, MO, Columbia, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: R. A. surname: Montgomery fullname: Montgomery, R. A. organization: Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, MI, East Lansing, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: W. S. surname: Matthews fullname: Matthews, W. S. organization: Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, P.O. Box 392, 0003, Pretoria, South Africa – sequence: 5 givenname: R. surname: Slotow fullname: Slotow, R. organization: Amarula Elephant Research Programme, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Snippet	Ecotourism has motivated efforts to reintroduce lions (Panthera leo) to landscapes where they were not previously common. In 2002, four lions were reintroduced...
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SubjectTerms	Autumn Carnivores Ecology Ecotourism Grasslands Habitats Herbivores lions National parks Natural resources Panthera leo radiotelemetry resource selection Sand Seasons South Africa Spatial distribution Spring Wildcats Wildlife conservation Winter
Title	Resource selection modeling reveals potential conflicts involving reintroduced lions in Tembe Elephant Park, South Africa
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