From lists of behaviour change techniques (BCTs) to structured hierarchies: Comparison of two methods of developing a hierarchy of BCTs
Objectives Behaviour change technique (BCT) Taxonomy v1 is a hierarchically grouped, consensus‐based taxonomy of 93 BCTs for reporting intervention content. To enhance the use and understanding of BCTs, the aims of the present study were to (1) quantitatively examine the ‘bottom‐up’ hierarchical str...
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| Published in: | British journal of health psychology Vol. 20; no. 1; pp. 130 - 150 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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England
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.02.2015
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc |
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| ISSN: | 1359-107X, 2044-8287, 2044-8287 |
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| Abstract | Objectives
Behaviour change technique (BCT) Taxonomy v1 is a hierarchically grouped, consensus‐based taxonomy of 93 BCTs for reporting intervention content. To enhance the use and understanding of BCTs, the aims of the present study were to (1) quantitatively examine the ‘bottom‐up’ hierarchical structure of Taxonomy v1, (2) identify whether BCTs can be reliably mapped to theoretical domains using a ‘top‐down’ theoretically driven approach, and (3) identify any overlap between the ‘bottom‐up’ and ‘top‐down’ groupings.
Methods and design
The ‘bottom‐up’ structure was examined for higher‐order groupings using a dendrogram derived from hierarchical cluster analysis. For the theory‐based ‘top‐down’ structure, 18 experts sorted BCTs into 14 theoretical domains. Discriminant Content Validity was used to identify groupings, and chi‐square tests and Pearson's residuals were used to examine the overlap between groupings.
Results
Behaviour change techniques relating to ‘Reward and Punishment’ and ‘Cues and Cue Responses’ were perceived as markedly different to other BCTs. Fifty‐nine of the BCTs were reliably allocated to 12 of the 14 theoretical domains; 47 were significant and 12 were of borderline significance. Thirty‐four of 208 ‘bottom‐up’ × ‘top‐down’ pairings showed greater overlap than expected by chance. However, only six combinations achieved satisfactory evidence of similarity.
Conclusions
The moderate overlap between the groupings indicates some tendency to implicitly conceptualize BCTs in terms of the same theoretical domains. Understanding the nature of the overlap will aid the conceptualization of BCTs in terms of theory and application. Further research into different methods of developing a hierarchical taxonomic structure of BCTs for international, interdisciplinary work is now required.
Statement of contribution
What is already known on this subject?
Behaviour change interventions are effective in improving health care and health outcomes.
The ‘active’ components of these interventions are behaviour change techniques and over 93 have been identified.
Taxonomies of behaviour change techniques require structure to enable potential applications.
What does this study add?
This study identifies groups of BCTs to aid the recall of BCTs for intervention coding and design.
It compares two methods of grouping – ‘bottom‐up’ and theory‐based ‘top‐down’ – and finds a moderate overlap.
Building on identified BCT groups, it examines relationships between theoretical domains and BCTs. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Behaviour change technique (BCT) Taxonomy v1 is a hierarchically grouped, consensus-based taxonomy of 93 BCTs for reporting intervention content. To enhance the use and understanding of BCTs, the aims of the present study were to (1) quantitatively examine the 'bottom-up' hierarchical structure of Taxonomy v1, (2) identify whether BCTs can be reliably mapped to theoretical domains using a 'top-down' theoretically driven approach, and (3) identify any overlap between the 'bottom-up' and 'top-down' groupings.
The 'bottom-up' structure was examined for higher-order groupings using a dendrogram derived from hierarchical cluster analysis. For the theory-based 'top-down' structure, 18 experts sorted BCTs into 14 theoretical domains. Discriminant Content Validity was used to identify groupings, and chi-square tests and Pearson's residuals were used to examine the overlap between groupings.
Behaviour change techniques relating to 'Reward and Punishment' and 'Cues and Cue Responses' were perceived as markedly different to other BCTs. Fifty-nine of the BCTs were reliably allocated to 12 of the 14 theoretical domains; 47 were significant and 12 were of borderline significance. Thirty-four of 208 'bottom-up' × 'top-down' pairings showed greater overlap than expected by chance. However, only six combinations achieved satisfactory evidence of similarity.
The moderate overlap between the groupings indicates some tendency to implicitly conceptualize BCTs in terms of the same theoretical domains. Understanding the nature of the overlap will aid the conceptualization of BCTs in terms of theory and application. Further research into different methods of developing a hierarchical taxonomic structure of BCTs for international, interdisciplinary work is now required. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Behaviour change interventions are effective in improving health care and health outcomes. The 'active' components of these interventions are behaviour change techniques and over 93 have been identified. Taxonomies of behaviour change techniques require structure to enable potential applications. What does this study add? This study identifies groups of BCTs to aid the recall of BCTs for intervention coding and design. It compares two methods of grouping--'bottom-up' and theory-based 'top-down'--and finds a moderate overlap. Building on identified BCT groups, it examines relationships between theoretical domains and BCTs. Objectives Behaviour change technique (BCT) Taxonomy v1 is a hierarchically grouped, consensus‐based taxonomy of 93 BCTs for reporting intervention content. To enhance the use and understanding of BCTs, the aims of the present study were to (1) quantitatively examine the ‘bottom‐up’ hierarchical structure of Taxonomy v1, (2) identify whether BCTs can be reliably mapped to theoretical domains using a ‘top‐down’ theoretically driven approach, and (3) identify any overlap between the ‘bottom‐up’ and ‘top‐down’ groupings. Methods and design The ‘bottom‐up’ structure was examined for higher‐order groupings using a dendrogram derived from hierarchical cluster analysis. For the theory‐based ‘top‐down’ structure, 18 experts sorted BCTs into 14 theoretical domains. Discriminant Content Validity was used to identify groupings, and chi‐square tests and Pearson's residuals were used to examine the overlap between groupings. Results Behaviour change techniques relating to ‘Reward and Punishment’ and ‘Cues and Cue Responses’ were perceived as markedly different to other BCTs. Fifty‐nine of the BCTs were reliably allocated to 12 of the 14 theoretical domains; 47 were significant and 12 were of borderline significance. Thirty‐four of 208 ‘bottom‐up’ × ‘top‐down’ pairings showed greater overlap than expected by chance. However, only six combinations achieved satisfactory evidence of similarity. Conclusions The moderate overlap between the groupings indicates some tendency to implicitly conceptualize BCTs in terms of the same theoretical domains. Understanding the nature of the overlap will aid the conceptualization of BCTs in terms of theory and application. Further research into different methods of developing a hierarchical taxonomic structure of BCTs for international, interdisciplinary work is now required. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Behaviour change interventions are effective in improving health care and health outcomes. The ‘active’ components of these interventions are behaviour change techniques and over 93 have been identified. Taxonomies of behaviour change techniques require structure to enable potential applications. What does this study add? This study identifies groups of BCTs to aid the recall of BCTs for intervention coding and design. It compares two methods of grouping – ‘bottom‐up’ and theory‐based ‘top‐down’ – and finds a moderate overlap. Building on identified BCT groups, it examines relationships between theoretical domains and BCTs. Behaviour change technique (BCT) Taxonomy v1 is a hierarchically grouped, consensus-based taxonomy of 93 BCTs for reporting intervention content. To enhance the use and understanding of BCTs, the aims of the present study were to (1) quantitatively examine the 'bottom-up' hierarchical structure of Taxonomy v1, (2) identify whether BCTs can be reliably mapped to theoretical domains using a 'top-down' theoretically driven approach, and (3) identify any overlap between the 'bottom-up' and 'top-down' groupings.OBJECTIVESBehaviour change technique (BCT) Taxonomy v1 is a hierarchically grouped, consensus-based taxonomy of 93 BCTs for reporting intervention content. To enhance the use and understanding of BCTs, the aims of the present study were to (1) quantitatively examine the 'bottom-up' hierarchical structure of Taxonomy v1, (2) identify whether BCTs can be reliably mapped to theoretical domains using a 'top-down' theoretically driven approach, and (3) identify any overlap between the 'bottom-up' and 'top-down' groupings.The 'bottom-up' structure was examined for higher-order groupings using a dendrogram derived from hierarchical cluster analysis. For the theory-based 'top-down' structure, 18 experts sorted BCTs into 14 theoretical domains. Discriminant Content Validity was used to identify groupings, and chi-square tests and Pearson's residuals were used to examine the overlap between groupings.METHODS AND DESIGNThe 'bottom-up' structure was examined for higher-order groupings using a dendrogram derived from hierarchical cluster analysis. For the theory-based 'top-down' structure, 18 experts sorted BCTs into 14 theoretical domains. Discriminant Content Validity was used to identify groupings, and chi-square tests and Pearson's residuals were used to examine the overlap between groupings.Behaviour change techniques relating to 'Reward and Punishment' and 'Cues and Cue Responses' were perceived as markedly different to other BCTs. Fifty-nine of the BCTs were reliably allocated to 12 of the 14 theoretical domains; 47 were significant and 12 were of borderline significance. Thirty-four of 208 'bottom-up' × 'top-down' pairings showed greater overlap than expected by chance. However, only six combinations achieved satisfactory evidence of similarity.RESULTSBehaviour change techniques relating to 'Reward and Punishment' and 'Cues and Cue Responses' were perceived as markedly different to other BCTs. Fifty-nine of the BCTs were reliably allocated to 12 of the 14 theoretical domains; 47 were significant and 12 were of borderline significance. Thirty-four of 208 'bottom-up' × 'top-down' pairings showed greater overlap than expected by chance. However, only six combinations achieved satisfactory evidence of similarity.The moderate overlap between the groupings indicates some tendency to implicitly conceptualize BCTs in terms of the same theoretical domains. Understanding the nature of the overlap will aid the conceptualization of BCTs in terms of theory and application. Further research into different methods of developing a hierarchical taxonomic structure of BCTs for international, interdisciplinary work is now required. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Behaviour change interventions are effective in improving health care and health outcomes. The 'active' components of these interventions are behaviour change techniques and over 93 have been identified. Taxonomies of behaviour change techniques require structure to enable potential applications. What does this study add? This study identifies groups of BCTs to aid the recall of BCTs for intervention coding and design. It compares two methods of grouping--'bottom-up' and theory-based 'top-down'--and finds a moderate overlap. Building on identified BCT groups, it examines relationships between theoretical domains and BCTs.CONCLUSIONSThe moderate overlap between the groupings indicates some tendency to implicitly conceptualize BCTs in terms of the same theoretical domains. Understanding the nature of the overlap will aid the conceptualization of BCTs in terms of theory and application. Further research into different methods of developing a hierarchical taxonomic structure of BCTs for international, interdisciplinary work is now required. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Behaviour change interventions are effective in improving health care and health outcomes. The 'active' components of these interventions are behaviour change techniques and over 93 have been identified. Taxonomies of behaviour change techniques require structure to enable potential applications. What does this study add? This study identifies groups of BCTs to aid the recall of BCTs for intervention coding and design. It compares two methods of grouping--'bottom-up' and theory-based 'top-down'--and finds a moderate overlap. Building on identified BCT groups, it examines relationships between theoretical domains and BCTs. ObjectivesBehaviour change technique (BCT) Taxonomy v1 is a hierarchically grouped, consensus‐based taxonomy of 93 BCTs for reporting intervention content. To enhance the use and understanding of BCTs, the aims of the present study were to (1) quantitatively examine the ‘bottom‐up’ hierarchical structure of Taxonomy v1, (2) identify whether BCTs can be reliably mapped to theoretical domains using a ‘top‐down’ theoretically driven approach, and (3) identify any overlap between the ‘bottom‐up’ and ‘top‐down’ groupings.Methods and designThe ‘bottom‐up’ structure was examined for higher‐order groupings using a dendrogram derived from hierarchical cluster analysis. For the theory‐based ‘top‐down’ structure, 18 experts sorted BCTs into 14 theoretical domains. Discriminant Content Validity was used to identify groupings, and chi‐square tests and Pearson's residuals were used to examine the overlap between groupings.ResultsBehaviour change techniques relating to ‘Reward and Punishment’ and ‘Cues and Cue Responses’ were perceived as markedly different to other BCTs. Fifty‐nine of the BCTs were reliably allocated to 12 of the 14 theoretical domains; 47 were significant and 12 were of borderline significance. Thirty‐four of 208 ‘bottom‐up’ × ‘top‐down’ pairings showed greater overlap than expected by chance. However, only six combinations achieved satisfactory evidence of similarity.ConclusionsThe moderate overlap between the groupings indicates some tendency to implicitly conceptualize BCTs in terms of the same theoretical domains. Understanding the nature of the overlap will aid the conceptualization of BCTs in terms of theory and application. Further research into different methods of developing a hierarchical taxonomic structure of BCTs for international, interdisciplinary work is now required.Statement of contributionWhat is already known on this subject?Behaviour change interventions are effective in improving health care and health outcomes.The ‘active’ components of these interventions are behaviour change techniques and over 93 have been identified.Taxonomies of behaviour change techniques require structure to enable potential applications.What does this study add?This study identifies groups of BCTs to aid the recall of BCTs for intervention coding and design.It compares two methods of grouping – ‘bottom‐up’ and theory‐based ‘top‐down’ – and finds a moderate overlap.Building on identified BCT groups, it examines relationships between theoretical domains and BCTs. |
| Author | Richardson, Michelle Cane, James Ladha, Ruhina Johnston, Marie Michie, Susan |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: James surname: Cane fullname: Cane, James email: j.e.cane@kent.ac.uk organization: School of Psychology, Keynes College, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK – sequence: 2 givenname: Michelle surname: Richardson fullname: Richardson, Michelle organization: Department of Health Services and Population Research, King's College London, UK – sequence: 3 givenname: Marie surname: Johnston fullname: Johnston, Marie organization: Institute of Applied Health Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, UK – sequence: 4 givenname: Ruhina surname: Ladha fullname: Ladha, Ruhina organization: Research Department of Clinical, Education, and Health Psychology, University College London, UK – sequence: 5 givenname: Susan surname: Michie fullname: Michie, Susan organization: Research Department of Clinical, Education, and Health Psychology, University College London, UK |
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| Copyright | 2014 The Authors. British Journal of Health Psychology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Psychological Society 2014 The British Psychological Society. Copyright © 2015 The British Psychological Society |
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| Keywords | Theoretical Domains Framework behaviour change domains health behaviour change technique taxonomy theory |
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| Notes | ArticleID:BJHP12102 Medical Research Council Health Service Research Collaboration - No. G0901474 ark:/67375/WNG-XVVZHF5P-0 istex:5BB80E08DFCAE713D8E9E491CC5D7966F037D4A6 Appendix S1. Behaviour Change Technique Taxonomy used in the sort tasks.Appendix S2. Two - Theoretical Domains Framework domain labels and definitions.Appendix S3. Three - Closed 'top-down' sort task instructions.Table S1. Comparison of BCT Taxonomy v1 'bottom-up' grouping solution and 'top-down' 14 TDF-derived groupings. ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 ObjectType-Article-2 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 23 |
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interventions for obese adults with obesity‐related co‐morbidities or additional risk factors for co‐morbidities: A systematic review publication-title: Health Psychology Review – year: 2008 – volume: 26 start-page: 299 issue: Suppl. 2 year: 2011 article-title: Developing and testing a SHARP taxonomy of behavior change techniques included in condom promotion interventions publication-title: Psychology and Health – volume: 27 start-page: 379 year: 2008 end-page: 387 article-title: A taxonomy of behavior change techniques used in interventions publication-title: Health Psychology: Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association – volume: 12 start-page: e4 issue: 1 year: 2010 article-title: Using the internet to promote health behavior change: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the impact of theoretical basis, use of behavior change techniques, and mode of delivery on efficacy publication-title: Journal of Medical Internet Research – volume: 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Behaviour change technique (BCT) Taxonomy v1 is a hierarchically grouped, consensus‐based taxonomy of 93 BCTs for reporting intervention content. To... Behaviour change technique (BCT) Taxonomy v1 is a hierarchically grouped, consensus-based taxonomy of 93 BCTs for reporting intervention content. To enhance... ObjectivesBehaviour change technique (BCT) Taxonomy v1 is a hierarchically grouped, consensus‐based taxonomy of 93 BCTs for reporting intervention content. To... |
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| Title | From lists of behaviour change techniques (BCTs) to structured hierarchies: Comparison of two methods of developing a hierarchy of BCTs |
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