The rise of the Enterococcus: beyond vancomycin resistance

Key Points Enterococci are some of the most versatile organisms found to infect hospitalized patients. The epidemiology of enterococcal infections has evolved since the emergence of these pathogens and has seen the rise of Enterococcus faecium as a nosocomial pathogen with serious clinical implicati...

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Published in:Nature reviews. Microbiology Vol. 10; no. 4; pp. 266 - 278
Main Authors: Arias, Cesar A., Murray, Barbara E.
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 01.04.2012
Nature Publishing Group
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ISSN:1740-1526, 1740-1534, 1740-1534
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Abstract Key Points Enterococci are some of the most versatile organisms found to infect hospitalized patients. The epidemiology of enterococcal infections has evolved since the emergence of these pathogens and has seen the rise of Enterococcus faecium as a nosocomial pathogen with serious clinical implications. The effect of antibiotics on the microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract and subsequent alterations in the regulation of the gut immune system can favour colonization by multidrug-resistant enterococci. Enterococcal genomes are extremely malleable, with the ability to exchange large fragments of chromosomal DNA. In addition, the lack of CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) elements has a potential role in the adaptation of hospital-associated enterococci. Specific pathogenicity factors contribute to the ability of enterococci to produce disease and/or survive in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals. The major factors include secreted and cell surface-associated determinants. Antibiotic resistance is widespread for the anti-enterococcal antibiotics that are most commonly used in clinical practice, and the mechanisms of resistance for many of these antibiotics are known. These antibiotics include ampicillin, linezolid, daptomycin and quinupristin–dalfopristin, and there is also high-level resistance to aminoglycosides. Such resistances have important therapeutic implications. Arias and Murray discuss the factors that may have contributed to the rise of enterococci as nosocomial pathogens, with an emphasis on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of these species and their mechanisms of resistance to the most relevant anti-enterococcal agents used in clinical practice. The genus Enterococcus includes some of the most important nosocomial multidrug-resistant organisms, and these pathogens usually affect patients who are debilitated by other, concurrent illnesses and undergoing prolonged hospitalization. This Review discusses the factors involved in the changing epidemiology of enterococcal infections, with an emphasis on Enterococcus faecium as an emergent and challenging nosocomial problem. The effects of antibiotics on the gut microbiota and on colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci are highlighted, including how enterococci benefit from the antibiotic-mediated eradication of Gram-negative members of the gut microbiota. Analyses of enterococcal genomes indicate that there are certain genetic lineages, including an E. faecium clade of ancient origin, with the ability to succeed in the hospital environment, and the possible virulence determinants that are found in these genetic lineages are discussed. Finally, we review the most important mechanisms of resistance to the antibiotics that are used to treat vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
AbstractList The genus Enterococcus includes some of the most important nosocomial multidrug-resistant organisms, and these pathogens usually affect patients who are debilitated by other, concurrent illnesses and undergoing prolonged hospitalization. This Review discusses the factors involved in the changing epidemiology of enterococcal infections, with an emphasis on Enterococcus faecium as an emergent and challenging nosocomial problem. The effects of antibiotics on the gut microbiota and on colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci are highlighted, including how enterococci benefit from the antibiotic-mediated eradication of Gram-negative members of the gut microbiota. Analyses of enterococcal genomes indicate that there are certain genetic lineages, including an E. faecium clade of ancient origin, with the ability to succeed in the hospital environment, and the possible virulence determinants that are found in these genetic lineages are discussed. Finally, we review the most important mechanisms of resistance to the antibiotics that are used to treat vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
Key Points Enterococci are some of the most versatile organisms found to infect hospitalized patients. The epidemiology of enterococcal infections has evolved since the emergence of these pathogens and has seen the rise of Enterococcus faecium as a nosocomial pathogen with serious clinical implications. The effect of antibiotics on the microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract and subsequent alterations in the regulation of the gut immune system can favour colonization by multidrug-resistant enterococci. Enterococcal genomes are extremely malleable, with the ability to exchange large fragments of chromosomal DNA. In addition, the lack of CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) elements has a potential role in the adaptation of hospital-associated enterococci. Specific pathogenicity factors contribute to the ability of enterococci to produce disease and/or survive in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals. The major factors include secreted and cell surface-associated determinants. Antibiotic resistance is widespread for the anti-enterococcal antibiotics that are most commonly used in clinical practice, and the mechanisms of resistance for many of these antibiotics are known. These antibiotics include ampicillin, linezolid, daptomycin and quinupristin–dalfopristin, and there is also high-level resistance to aminoglycosides. Such resistances have important therapeutic implications. Arias and Murray discuss the factors that may have contributed to the rise of enterococci as nosocomial pathogens, with an emphasis on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of these species and their mechanisms of resistance to the most relevant anti-enterococcal agents used in clinical practice. The genus Enterococcus includes some of the most important nosocomial multidrug-resistant organisms, and these pathogens usually affect patients who are debilitated by other, concurrent illnesses and undergoing prolonged hospitalization. This Review discusses the factors involved in the changing epidemiology of enterococcal infections, with an emphasis on Enterococcus faecium as an emergent and challenging nosocomial problem. The effects of antibiotics on the gut microbiota and on colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci are highlighted, including how enterococci benefit from the antibiotic-mediated eradication of Gram-negative members of the gut microbiota. Analyses of enterococcal genomes indicate that there are certain genetic lineages, including an E. faecium clade of ancient origin, with the ability to succeed in the hospital environment, and the possible virulence determinants that are found in these genetic lineages are discussed. Finally, we review the most important mechanisms of resistance to the antibiotics that are used to treat vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
The genus Enterococcus includes some of the most important nosocomial multidrug-resistant organisms, and these pathogens usually affect patients who are debilitated by other, concurrent illnesses and undergoing prolonged hospitalization. This Review discusses the factors involved in the changing epidemiology of enterococcal infections, with an emphasis on Enterococcus faecium as an emergent and challenging nosocomial problem. The effects of antibiotics on the gut microbiota and on colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci are highlighted, including how enterococci benefit from the antibiotic-mediated eradication of gram-negative members of the gut microbiota. Analyses of enterococcal genomes indicate that there are certain genetic lineages, including an E. faecium clade of ancient origin, with the ability to succeed in the hospital environment, and the possible virulence determinants that are found in these genetic lineages are discussed. Finally, we review the most important mechanisms of resistance to the antibiotics that are used to treat vancomycin-resistant enterococci.The genus Enterococcus includes some of the most important nosocomial multidrug-resistant organisms, and these pathogens usually affect patients who are debilitated by other, concurrent illnesses and undergoing prolonged hospitalization. This Review discusses the factors involved in the changing epidemiology of enterococcal infections, with an emphasis on Enterococcus faecium as an emergent and challenging nosocomial problem. The effects of antibiotics on the gut microbiota and on colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci are highlighted, including how enterococci benefit from the antibiotic-mediated eradication of gram-negative members of the gut microbiota. Analyses of enterococcal genomes indicate that there are certain genetic lineages, including an E. faecium clade of ancient origin, with the ability to succeed in the hospital environment, and the possible virulence determinants that are found in these genetic lineages are discussed. Finally, we review the most important mechanisms of resistance to the antibiotics that are used to treat vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
Audience Academic
Author Arias, Cesar A.
Murray, Barbara E.
AuthorAffiliation 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
3 Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Universidad El Bosque, Carrera 7B Bis # 132-11, Edificio Rectoria, Bogotá, Colombia
4 Laboratory of Enterococcal Research, University of Texas Medical School at Houston
2 Laboratory for Antimicrobial Research, University of Texas Medical School at Houston
5 Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Room 2.112MSB, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 2 Laboratory for Antimicrobial Research, University of Texas Medical School at Houston
– name: 4 Laboratory of Enterococcal Research, University of Texas Medical School at Houston
– name: 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
– name: 3 Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Universidad El Bosque, Carrera 7B Bis # 132-11, Edificio Rectoria, Bogotá, Colombia
– name: 5 Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Room 2.112MSB, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Cesar A.
  surname: Arias
  fullname: Arias, Cesar A.
  email: cesar.arias@uth.tmc.edu
  organization: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Laboratory for Antimicrobial Research, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Universidad El Bosque
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  givenname: Barbara E.
  surname: Murray
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  email: bem.asst@uth.tmc.edu
  organization: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Laboratory of Enterococcal Research, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22421879$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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2012 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved 2012
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Snippet Key Points Enterococci are some of the most versatile organisms found to infect hospitalized patients. The epidemiology of enterococcal infections has evolved...
The genus Enterococcus includes some of the most important nosocomial multidrug-resistant organisms, and these pathogens usually affect patients who are...
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SubjectTerms 22
41
631/326/22/1434
631/326/41/1470
631/326/41/2531
692/700/565
Animals
Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology
Anti-Bacterial Agents - therapeutic use
Antibiotic resistance
Antibiotics
Antimicrobial agents
Bacteria
Bacterial Proteins - genetics
Bacterial Proteins - metabolism
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Care and treatment
Catheters
Colonization
Complications and side effects
Cross Infection - epidemiology
Cross Infection - microbiology
Development and progression
Drug resistance in microorganisms
Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial - genetics
Endocarditis
Enteritis - epidemiology
Enteritis - microbiology
Enterococcal infections
Enterococcus
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium - drug effects
Enterococcus faecium - genetics
Enterococcus faecium - pathogenicity
Epidemiology
Gastrointestinal Tract - microbiology
Genomes
Gram-negative bacteria
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections - epidemiology
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections - microbiology
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections - transmission
Health aspects
Hospitals
Humans
Infectious Diseases
Life Sciences
Medical Microbiology
Microbial Interactions
Microbiology
Microbiota
Multidrug resistant organisms
Nosocomial infection
Nosocomial infections
Parasitology
Pathogens
Probiotics
review-article
Risk factors
Urogenital system
Vancomycin
Vancomycin - pharmacology
Vancomycin Resistance - genetics
Vancomycin Resistance - physiology
Virology
Virulence
Virulence Factors - genetics
Virulence Factors - metabolism
Title The rise of the Enterococcus: beyond vancomycin resistance
URI https://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/nrmicro2761
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Volume 10
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