Risk Factors for Bovine Tuberculosis (bTB) in Cattle in Ethiopia

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) infection is generally correlated with individual cattle's age, sex, body condition, and with husbandry practices such as herd composition, cattle movement, herd size, production system and proximity to wildlife-including bTB maintenance hosts. We tested the correlatio...

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Published in:	PloS one Vol. 11; no. 7; p. e0159083
Main Authors:	Dejene, Sintayehu W., Heitkönig, Ignas M. A., Prins, Herbert H. T., Lemma, Fitsum A., Mekonnen, Daniel A., Alemu, Zelalem E., Kelkay, Tessema Z., de Boer, Willem F.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States Public Library of Science 12.07.2016 Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Subjects:	Animal husbandry Animals Biology and Life Sciences Bovidae Bovine tuberculosis Cattle Correlation Distribution Ethiopia Female Infections Lactation Leerstoelgroep Resource Ecology Livestock Male Mycobacterium Mycobacterium bovis National parks Ovis aries PE&RC People and Places Reproductive status Resource Ecology Risk analysis Risk Factors Risk factors (Health) Sex Statistical models Surveys and Questionnaires Tuberculin Tuberculin Test Tuberculosis Tuberculosis, Bovine - diagnosis Tuberculosis, Bovine - epidemiology Wildlife Ethiopia Netherlands United Kingdom > UK United States > US Ireland Africa Tanzania England Uganda East Africa
ISSN:	1932-6203, 1932-6203
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Abstract	Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) infection is generally correlated with individual cattle's age, sex, body condition, and with husbandry practices such as herd composition, cattle movement, herd size, production system and proximity to wildlife-including bTB maintenance hosts. We tested the correlation between those factors and the prevalence of bTB, which is endemic in Ethiopia's highland cattle, in the Afar Region and Awash National Park between November 2013 and April 2015. A total of 2550 cattle from 102 herds were tested for bTB presence using the comparative intradermal tuberculin test (CITT). Data on herd structure, herd movement, management and production system, livestock transfer, and contact with wildlife were collected using semi-structured interviews with cattle herders and herd owners. The individual overall prevalence of cattle bTB was 5.5%, with a herd prevalence of 46%. Generalized Linear Mixed Models with a random herd-effect were used to analyse risk factors of cattle reactors within each herd. The older the age of the cattle and the lower the body condition the higher the chance of a positive bTB test result, but sex, lactation status and reproductive status were not correlated with bTB status. At herd level, General Linear Models showed that pastoral production systems with transhumant herds had a higher bTB prevalence than sedentary herds. A model averaging analysis identified herd size, contact with wildlife, and the interaction of herd size and contact with wildlife as significant risk factors for bTB prevalence in cattle. A subsequent Structural Equation Model showed that the probability of contact with wildlife was influenced by herd size, through herd movement. Larger herds moved more and grazed in larger areas, hence the probability of grazing in an area with wildlife and contact with either infected cattle or infected wildlife hosts increased, enhancing the chances for bTB infection. Therefore, future bTB control strategies in cattle in pastoral areas should consider herd size and movement as important risk factors.
AbstractList	Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) infection is generally correlated with individual cattle's age, sex, body condition, and with husbandry practices such as herd composition, cattle movement, herd size, production system and proximity to wildlife-including bTB maintenance hosts. We tested the correlation between those factors and the prevalence of bTB, which is endemic in Ethiopia's highland cattle, in the Afar Region and Awash National Park between November 2013 and April 2015. A total of 2550 cattle from 102 herds were tested for bTB presence using the comparative intradermal tuberculin test (CITT). Data on herd structure, herd movement, management and production system, livestock transfer, and contact with wildlife were collected using semi-structured interviews with cattle herders and herd owners. The individual overall prevalence of cattle bTB was 5.5%, with a herd prevalence of 46%. Generalized Linear Mixed Models with a random herd-effect were used to analyse risk factors of cattle reactors within each herd. The older the age of the cattle and the lower the body condition the higher the chance of a positive bTB test result, but sex, lactation status and reproductive status were not correlated with bTB status. At herd level, General Linear Models showed that pastoral production systems with transhumant herds had a higher bTB prevalence than sedentary herds. A model averaging analysis identified herd size, contact with wildlife, and the interaction of herd size and contact with wildlife as significant risk factors for bTB prevalence in cattle. A subsequent Structural Equation Model showed that the probability of contact with wildlife was influenced by herd size, through herd movement. Larger herds moved more and grazed in larger areas, hence the probability of grazing in an area with wildlife and contact with either infected cattle or infected wildlife hosts increased, enhancing the chances for bTB infection. Therefore, future bTB control strategies in cattle in pastoral areas should consider herd size and movement as important risk factors. Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) infection is generally correlated with individual cattle's age, sex, body condition, and with husbandry practices such as herd composition, cattle movement, herd size, production system and proximity to wildlife-including bTB maintenance hosts. We tested the correlation between those factors and the prevalence of bTB, which is endemic in Ethiopia's highland cattle, in the Afar Region and Awash National Park between November 2013 and April 2015. A total of 2550 cattle from 102 herds were tested for bTB presence using the comparative intradermal tuberculin test (CITT). Data on herd structure, herd movement, management and production system, livestock transfer, and contact with wildlife were collected using semi-structured interviews with cattle herders and herd owners. The individual overall prevalence of cattle bTB was 5.5%, with a herd prevalence of 46%. Generalized Linear Mixed Models with a random herd-effect were used to analyse risk factors of cattle reactors within each herd. The older the age of the cattle and the lower the body condition the higher the chance of a positive bTB test result, but sex, lactation status and reproductive status were not correlated with bTB status. At herd level, General Linear Models showed that pastoral production systems with transhumant herds had a higher bTB prevalence than sedentary herds. A model averaging analysis identified herd size, contact with wildlife, and the interaction of herd size and contact with wildlife as significant risk factors for bTB prevalence in cattle. A subsequent Structural Equation Model showed that the probability of contact with wildlife was influenced by herd size, through herd movement. Larger herds moved more and grazed in larger areas, hence the probability of grazing in an area with wildlife and contact with either infected cattle or infected wildlife hosts increased, enhancing the chances for bTB infection. Therefore, future bTB control strategies in cattle in pastoral areas should consider herd size and movement as important risk factors.Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) infection is generally correlated with individual cattle's age, sex, body condition, and with husbandry practices such as herd composition, cattle movement, herd size, production system and proximity to wildlife-including bTB maintenance hosts. We tested the correlation between those factors and the prevalence of bTB, which is endemic in Ethiopia's highland cattle, in the Afar Region and Awash National Park between November 2013 and April 2015. A total of 2550 cattle from 102 herds were tested for bTB presence using the comparative intradermal tuberculin test (CITT). Data on herd structure, herd movement, management and production system, livestock transfer, and contact with wildlife were collected using semi-structured interviews with cattle herders and herd owners. The individual overall prevalence of cattle bTB was 5.5%, with a herd prevalence of 46%. Generalized Linear Mixed Models with a random herd-effect were used to analyse risk factors of cattle reactors within each herd. The older the age of the cattle and the lower the body condition the higher the chance of a positive bTB test result, but sex, lactation status and reproductive status were not correlated with bTB status. At herd level, General Linear Models showed that pastoral production systems with transhumant herds had a higher bTB prevalence than sedentary herds. A model averaging analysis identified herd size, contact with wildlife, and the interaction of herd size and contact with wildlife as significant risk factors for bTB prevalence in cattle. A subsequent Structural Equation Model showed that the probability of contact with wildlife was influenced by herd size, through herd movement. Larger herds moved more and grazed in larger areas, hence the probability of grazing in an area with wildlife and contact with either infected cattle or infected wildlife hosts increased, enhancing the chances for bTB infection. Therefore, future bTB control strategies in cattle in pastoral areas should consider herd size and movement as important risk factors.
Audience	Academic
Author	Dejene, Sintayehu W. Kelkay, Tessema Z. Heitkönig, Ignas M. A. Mekonnen, Daniel A. de Boer, Willem F. Prins, Herbert H. T. Alemu, Zelalem E. Lemma, Fitsum A.
AuthorAffiliation	1 Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands 2 College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia 3 College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia University of Minnesota, UNITED STATES
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 3 College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia – name: 2 College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia – name: 1 Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands – name: University of Minnesota, UNITED STATES
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Sintayehu W. surname: Dejene fullname: Dejene, Sintayehu W. – sequence: 2 givenname: Ignas M. A. surname: Heitkönig fullname: Heitkönig, Ignas M. A. – sequence: 3 givenname: Herbert H. T. surname: Prins fullname: Prins, Herbert H. T. – sequence: 4 givenname: Fitsum A. surname: Lemma fullname: Lemma, Fitsum A. – sequence: 5 givenname: Daniel A. surname: Mekonnen fullname: Mekonnen, Daniel A. – sequence: 6 givenname: Zelalem E. surname: Alemu fullname: Alemu, Zelalem E. – sequence: 7 givenname: Tessema Z. surname: Kelkay fullname: Kelkay, Tessema Z. – sequence: 8 givenname: Willem F. surname: de Boer fullname: de Boer, Willem F.
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27404387$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Copyright	COPYRIGHT 2016 Public Library of Science 2016 Dejene et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2016 Dejene et al 2016 Dejene et al Wageningen University & Research
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Notes	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. These authors also contributed equally to this work. Conceived and designed the experiments: SWD WFdB IMAH HHTP FAL DAM ZEA TZK. Performed the experiments: SWD. Analyzed the data: SWD. Wrote the paper: SWD. Reviewed the manuscript: SWD WFdB IMAH HHTP FAL DAM ZEA TZK.
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Snippet	Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) infection is generally correlated with individual cattle's age, sex, body condition, and with husbandry practices such as herd... Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) infection is generally correlated with individual cattle’s age, sex, body condition, and with husbandry practices such as herd...
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SubjectTerms	Animal husbandry Animals Biology and Life Sciences Bovidae Bovine tuberculosis Cattle Correlation Distribution Ethiopia Female Infections Lactation Leerstoelgroep Resource Ecology Livestock Male Mycobacterium Mycobacterium bovis National parks Ovis aries PE&RC People and Places Reproductive status Resource Ecology Risk analysis Risk Factors Risk factors (Health) Sex Statistical models Surveys and Questionnaires Tuberculin Tuberculin Test Tuberculosis Tuberculosis, Bovine - diagnosis Tuberculosis, Bovine - epidemiology Wildlife
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Title	Risk Factors for Bovine Tuberculosis (bTB) in Cattle in Ethiopia
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