Removing Batch Effects from Longitudinal Gene Expression - Quantile Normalization Plus ComBat as Best Approach for Microarray Transcriptome Data
Technical variation plays an important role in microarray-based gene expression studies, and batch effects explain a large proportion of this noise. It is therefore mandatory to eliminate technical variation while maintaining biological variability. Several strategies have been proposed for the remo...
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| Published in: | PloS one Vol. 11; no. 6; p. e0156594 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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Public Library of Science
07.06.2016
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| ISSN: | 1932-6203, 1932-6203 |
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| Abstract | Technical variation plays an important role in microarray-based gene expression studies, and batch effects explain a large proportion of this noise. It is therefore mandatory to eliminate technical variation while maintaining biological variability. Several strategies have been proposed for the removal of batch effects, although they have not been evaluated in large-scale longitudinal gene expression data. In this study, we aimed at identifying a suitable method for batch effect removal in a large study of microarray-based longitudinal gene expression. Monocytic gene expression was measured in 1092 participants of the Gutenberg Health Study at baseline and 5-year follow up. Replicates of selected samples were measured at both time points to identify technical variability. Deming regression, Passing-Bablok regression, linear mixed models, non-linear models as well as ReplicateRUV and ComBat were applied to eliminate batch effects between replicates. In a second step, quantile normalization prior to batch effect correction was performed for each method. Technical variation between batches was evaluated by principal component analysis. Associations between body mass index and transcriptomes were calculated before and after batch removal. Results from association analyses were compared to evaluate maintenance of biological variability. Quantile normalization, separately performed in each batch, combined with ComBat successfully reduced batch effects and maintained biological variability. ReplicateRUV performed perfectly in the replicate data subset of the study, but failed when applied to all samples. All other methods did not substantially reduce batch effects in the replicate data subset. Quantile normalization plus ComBat appears to be a valuable approach for batch correction in longitudinal gene expression data. |
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| AbstractList | Technical variation plays an important role in microarray-based gene expression studies, and batch effects explain a large proportion of this noise. It is therefore mandatory to eliminate technical variation while maintaining biological variability. Several strategies have been proposed for the removal of batch effects, although they have not been evaluated in large-scale longitudinal gene expression data. In this study, we aimed at identifying a suitable method for batch effect removal in a large study of microarray-based longitudinal gene expression. Monocytic gene expression was measured in 1092 participants of the Gutenberg Health Study at baseline and 5-year follow up. Replicates of selected samples were measured at both time points to identify technical variability. Deming regression, Passing-Bablok regression, linear mixed models, non-linear models as well as ReplicateRUV and ComBat were applied to eliminate batch effects between replicates. In a second step, quantile normalization prior to batch effect correction was performed for each method. Technical variation between batches was evaluated by principal component analysis. Associations between body mass index and transcriptomes were calculated before and after batch removal. Results from association analyses were compared to evaluate maintenance of biological variability. Quantile normalization, separately performed in each batch, combined with ComBat successfully reduced batch effects and maintained biological variability. ReplicateRUV performed perfectly in the replicate data subset of the study, but failed when applied to all samples. All other methods did not substantially reduce batch effects in the replicate data subset. Quantile normalization plus ComBat appears to be a valuable approach for batch correction in longitudinal gene expression data. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Proust, Carole Ziegler, Andreas Schnabel, Renate B. Pfeiffer, Norbert Müller, Christian Zeller, Tanja Binder, Harald Schillert, Arne Röthemeier, Caroline Lackner, Karl J. Blankenberg, Stefan Trégouët, David-Alexandre Tiret, Laurence Beutel, Manfred Wild, Philipp S. |
| AuthorAffiliation | 11 Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, 55131, Germany 7 Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI) at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, 55131, Germany 8 Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, 55131, Germany 1 Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, 20246, Germany 3 German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), partner site Hamburg, Lübeck, Kiel, 20246, Germany 5 Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), F-75013 Paris, France 14 Center for Clinical Trials, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, 23562, Germany 13 German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), partner site Rhine Main, Mainz, 55131, Germany 2 Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Ho |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 6 Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC Univ Paris 06), UMR_S1166, Team Genomics & Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, F-75013, Paris, France – name: 5 Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), F-75013 Paris, France – name: 3 German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), partner site Hamburg, Lübeck, Kiel, 20246, Germany – name: 10 Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany – name: 14 Center for Clinical Trials, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, 23562, Germany – name: 4 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche(UMR) enSanté 1166, F-75013, Paris, France – name: 7 Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI) at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, 55131, Germany – name: 12 Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, 55131, Germany – name: University Medicine Greifswald, GERMANY – name: 13 German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), partner site Rhine Main, Mainz, 55131, Germany – name: 8 Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, 55131, Germany – name: 1 Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, 20246, Germany – name: 11 Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, 55131, Germany – name: 2 Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Lübeck, 23562, Germany – name: 9 Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Christian surname: Müller fullname: Müller, Christian – sequence: 2 givenname: Arne surname: Schillert fullname: Schillert, Arne – sequence: 3 givenname: Caroline surname: Röthemeier fullname: Röthemeier, Caroline – sequence: 4 givenname: David-Alexandre surname: Trégouët fullname: Trégouët, David-Alexandre – sequence: 5 givenname: Carole surname: Proust fullname: Proust, Carole – sequence: 6 givenname: Harald surname: Binder fullname: Binder, Harald – sequence: 7 givenname: Norbert surname: Pfeiffer fullname: Pfeiffer, Norbert – sequence: 8 givenname: Manfred surname: Beutel fullname: Beutel, Manfred – sequence: 9 givenname: Karl J. surname: Lackner fullname: Lackner, Karl J. – sequence: 10 givenname: Renate B. surname: Schnabel fullname: Schnabel, Renate B. – sequence: 11 givenname: Laurence surname: Tiret fullname: Tiret, Laurence – sequence: 12 givenname: Philipp S. surname: Wild fullname: Wild, Philipp S. – sequence: 13 givenname: Stefan surname: Blankenberg fullname: Blankenberg, Stefan – sequence: 14 givenname: Tanja surname: Zeller fullname: Zeller, Tanja – sequence: 15 givenname: Andreas surname: Ziegler fullname: Ziegler, Andreas |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27272489$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01344173$$DView record in HAL |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | COPYRIGHT 2016 Public Library of Science 2016 Müller et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. Attribution 2016 Müller et al 2016 Müller et al |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 ObjectType-Undefined-3 Competing Interests: The Gutenberg Health Study is funded through the government of Rhineland-Palatinate („Stiftung Rheinland-Pfalz für Innovation“, contract AZ 961-386261/733), the research programs “Wissenschafft Zukunft” and “Center for Translational Vascular Biology (CTVB)” of the Johannes Gutenberg- University of Mainz, and its contract with Boehringer Ingelheim and PHILIPS Medical Systems, including an unrestricted grant for the Gutenberg Health Study. This does not alter the authors’ adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. Conceived and designed the experiments: AZ TZ AS CM. Performed the experiments: CR CP DAT LT. Analyzed the data: CM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SB TZ AZ PSW. Wrote the paper: CM AS DAT TZ AZ. Acquired data: KJL PSW RBS TZ HB NP MB. |
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| Title | Removing Batch Effects from Longitudinal Gene Expression - Quantile Normalization Plus ComBat as Best Approach for Microarray Transcriptome Data |
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