Trends in smoking initiation in Europe over 40 years: A retrospective cohort study

Tobacco consumption is the largest avoidable health risk. Understanding changes of smoking over time and across populations is crucial to implementing health policies. We evaluated trends in smoking initiation between 1970 and 2009 in random samples of European populations. We pooled data from six m...

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Published in:PloS one Vol. 13; no. 8; p. e0201881
Main Authors: Marcon, Alessandro, Pesce, Giancarlo, Calciano, Lucia, Bellisario, Valeria, Dharmage, Shyamali C., Garcia-Aymerich, Judith, Gislasson, Thorarinn, Heinrich, Joachim, Holm, Mathias, Janson, Christer, Jarvis, Deborah, Leynaert, Bénédicte, Matheson, Melanie C., Pirina, Pietro, Svanes, Cecilie, Villani, Simona, Zuberbier, Torsten, Minelli, Cosetta, Accordini, Simone
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: United States Public Library of Science 22.08.2018
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ISSN:1932-6203, 1932-6203
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Abstract Tobacco consumption is the largest avoidable health risk. Understanding changes of smoking over time and across populations is crucial to implementing health policies. We evaluated trends in smoking initiation between 1970 and 2009 in random samples of European populations. We pooled data from six multicentre studies involved in the Ageing Lungs in European Cohorts consortium, including overall 119,104 subjects from 17 countries (range of median ages across studies: 33-52 years). We estimated retrospectively trends in the rates of smoking initiation (uptake of regular smoking) by age group, and tested birth cohort effects using Age-Period-Cohort (APC) modelling. We stratified all analyses by sex and region (North, East, South, West Europe). Smoking initiation during late adolescence (16-20 years) declined for both sexes and in all regions (except for South Europe, where decline levelled off after 1990). By the late 2000s, rates of initiation during late adolescence were still high (40-80 per 1000/year) in East, South, and West Europe compared to North Europe (20 per 1000/year). Smoking initiation rates during early adolescence (11-15 years) showed a marked increase after 1990 in all regions (except for North European males) but especially in West Europe, where they reached 40 per 1000/year around 2005. APC models supported birth cohort effects in the youngest cohorts. Smoking initiation is still unacceptably high among European adolescents, and increasing rates among those aged 15 or less deserve attention. Reducing initiation in adolescents is fundamental, since youngsters are particularly vulnerable to nicotine addiction and tobacco adverse effects.
AbstractList Background Tobacco consumption is the largest avoidable health risk. Understanding changes of smoking over time and across populations is crucial to implementing health policies. We evaluated trends in smoking initiation between 1970 and 2009 in random samples of European populations. We pooled data from six multicentre studies involved in the Ageing Lungs in European Cohorts consortium, including overall 119,104 subjects from 17 countries (range of median ages across studies: 33-52 years). We estimated retrospectively trends in the rates of smoking initiation (uptake of regular smoking) by age group, and tested birth cohort effects using Age-Period-Cohort (APC) modelling. We stratified all analyses by sex and region (North, East, South, West Europe). Smoking initiation during late adolescence (16-20 years) declined for both sexes and in all regions (except for South Europe, where decline levelled off after 1990). By the late 2000s, rates of initiation during late adolescence were still high (40-80 per 1000/year) in East, South, and West Europe compared to North Europe (20 per 1000/year). Smoking initiation rates during early adolescence (11-15 years) showed a marked increase after 1990 in all regions (except for North European males) but especially in West Europe, where they reached 40 per 1000/year around 2005. APC models supported birth cohort effects in the youngest cohorts. Smoking initiation is still unacceptably high among European adolescents, and increasing rates among those aged 15 or less deserve attention. Reducing initiation in adolescents is fundamental, since youngsters are particularly vulnerable to nicotine addiction and tobacco adverse effects.
BackgroundTobacco consumption is the largest avoidable health risk. Understanding changes of smoking over time and across populations is crucial to implementing health policies. We evaluated trends in smoking initiation between 1970 and 2009 in random samples of European populations.MethodsWe pooled data from six multicentre studies involved in the Ageing Lungs in European Cohorts consortium, including overall 119,104 subjects from 17 countries (range of median ages across studies: 33-52 years). We estimated retrospectively trends in the rates of smoking initiation (uptake of regular smoking) by age group, and tested birth cohort effects using Age-Period-Cohort (APC) modelling. We stratified all analyses by sex and region (North, East, South, West Europe).ResultsSmoking initiation during late adolescence (16-20 years) declined for both sexes and in all regions (except for South Europe, where decline levelled off after 1990). By the late 2000s, rates of initiation during late adolescence were still high (40-80 per 1000/year) in East, South, and West Europe compared to North Europe (20 per 1000/year). Smoking initiation rates during early adolescence (11-15 years) showed a marked increase after 1990 in all regions (except for North European males) but especially in West Europe, where they reached 40 per 1000/year around 2005. APC models supported birth cohort effects in the youngest cohorts.ConclusionSmoking initiation is still unacceptably high among European adolescents, and increasing rates among those aged 15 or less deserve attention. Reducing initiation in adolescents is fundamental, since youngsters are particularly vulnerable to nicotine addiction and tobacco adverse effects.
Background Tobacco consumption is the largest avoidable health risk. Understanding changes of smoking over time and across populations is crucial to implementing health policies. We evaluated trends in smoking initiation between 1970 and 2009 in random samples of European populations. Methods We pooled data from six multicentre studies involved in the Ageing Lungs in European Cohorts consortium, including overall 119,104 subjects from 17 countries (range of median ages across studies: 33–52 years). We estimated retrospectively trends in the rates of smoking initiation (uptake of regular smoking) by age group, and tested birth cohort effects using Age-Period-Cohort (APC) modelling. We stratified all analyses by sex and region (North, East, South, West Europe). Results Smoking initiation during late adolescence (16–20 years) declined for both sexes and in all regions (except for South Europe, where decline levelled off after 1990). By the late 2000s, rates of initiation during late adolescence were still high (40–80 per 1000/year) in East, South, and West Europe compared to North Europe (20 per 1000/year). Smoking initiation rates during early adolescence (11–15 years) showed a marked increase after 1990 in all regions (except for North European males) but especially in West Europe, where they reached 40 per 1000/year around 2005. APC models supported birth cohort effects in the youngest cohorts. Conclusion Smoking initiation is still unacceptably high among European adolescents, and increasing rates among those aged 15 or less deserve attention. Reducing initiation in adolescents is fundamental, since youngsters are particularly vulnerable to nicotine addiction and tobacco adverse effects.
Tobacco consumption is the largest avoidable health risk. Understanding changes of smoking over time and across populations is crucial to implementing health policies. We evaluated trends in smoking initiation between 1970 and 2009 in random samples of European populations. We pooled data from six multicentre studies involved in the Ageing Lungs in European Cohorts consortium, including overall 119,104 subjects from 17 countries (range of median ages across studies: 33-52 years). We estimated retrospectively trends in the rates of smoking initiation (uptake of regular smoking) by age group, and tested birth cohort effects using Age-Period-Cohort (APC) modelling. We stratified all analyses by sex and region (North, East, South, West Europe). Smoking initiation during late adolescence (16-20 years) declined for both sexes and in all regions (except for South Europe, where decline levelled off after 1990). By the late 2000s, rates of initiation during late adolescence were still high (40-80 per 1000/year) in East, South, and West Europe compared to North Europe (20 per 1000/year). Smoking initiation rates during early adolescence (11-15 years) showed a marked increase after 1990 in all regions (except for North European males) but especially in West Europe, where they reached 40 per 1000/year around 2005. APC models supported birth cohort effects in the youngest cohorts. Smoking initiation is still unacceptably high among European adolescents, and increasing rates among those aged 15 or less deserve attention. Reducing initiation in adolescents is fundamental, since youngsters are particularly vulnerable to nicotine addiction and tobacco adverse effects.
Tobacco consumption is the largest avoidable health risk. Understanding changes of smoking over time and across populations is crucial to implementing health policies. We evaluated trends in smoking initiation between 1970 and 2009 in random samples of European populations.BACKGROUNDTobacco consumption is the largest avoidable health risk. Understanding changes of smoking over time and across populations is crucial to implementing health policies. We evaluated trends in smoking initiation between 1970 and 2009 in random samples of European populations.We pooled data from six multicentre studies involved in the Ageing Lungs in European Cohorts consortium, including overall 119,104 subjects from 17 countries (range of median ages across studies: 33-52 years). We estimated retrospectively trends in the rates of smoking initiation (uptake of regular smoking) by age group, and tested birth cohort effects using Age-Period-Cohort (APC) modelling. We stratified all analyses by sex and region (North, East, South, West Europe).METHODSWe pooled data from six multicentre studies involved in the Ageing Lungs in European Cohorts consortium, including overall 119,104 subjects from 17 countries (range of median ages across studies: 33-52 years). We estimated retrospectively trends in the rates of smoking initiation (uptake of regular smoking) by age group, and tested birth cohort effects using Age-Period-Cohort (APC) modelling. We stratified all analyses by sex and region (North, East, South, West Europe).Smoking initiation during late adolescence (16-20 years) declined for both sexes and in all regions (except for South Europe, where decline levelled off after 1990). By the late 2000s, rates of initiation during late adolescence were still high (40-80 per 1000/year) in East, South, and West Europe compared to North Europe (20 per 1000/year). Smoking initiation rates during early adolescence (11-15 years) showed a marked increase after 1990 in all regions (except for North European males) but especially in West Europe, where they reached 40 per 1000/year around 2005. APC models supported birth cohort effects in the youngest cohorts.RESULTSSmoking initiation during late adolescence (16-20 years) declined for both sexes and in all regions (except for South Europe, where decline levelled off after 1990). By the late 2000s, rates of initiation during late adolescence were still high (40-80 per 1000/year) in East, South, and West Europe compared to North Europe (20 per 1000/year). Smoking initiation rates during early adolescence (11-15 years) showed a marked increase after 1990 in all regions (except for North European males) but especially in West Europe, where they reached 40 per 1000/year around 2005. APC models supported birth cohort effects in the youngest cohorts.Smoking initiation is still unacceptably high among European adolescents, and increasing rates among those aged 15 or less deserve attention. Reducing initiation in adolescents is fundamental, since youngsters are particularly vulnerable to nicotine addiction and tobacco adverse effects.CONCLUSIONSmoking initiation is still unacceptably high among European adolescents, and increasing rates among those aged 15 or less deserve attention. Reducing initiation in adolescents is fundamental, since youngsters are particularly vulnerable to nicotine addiction and tobacco adverse effects.
Background Tobacco consumption is the largest avoidable health risk. Understanding changes of smoking over time and across populations is crucial to implementing health policies. We evaluated trends in smoking initiation between 1970 and 2009 in random samples of European populations. Methods We pooled data from six multicentre studies involved in the Ageing Lungs in European Cohorts consortium, including overall 119,104 subjects from 17 countries (range of median ages across studies: 33–52 years). We estimated retrospectively trends in the rates of smoking initiation (uptake of regular smoking) by age group, and tested birth cohort effects using Age-Period-Cohort (APC) modelling. We stratified all analyses by sex and region (North, East, South, West Europe). Results Smoking initiation during late adolescence (16–20 years) declined for both sexes and in all regions (except for South Europe, where decline levelled off after 1990). By the late 2000s, rates of initiation during late adolescence were still high (40–80 per 1000/year) in East, South, and West Europe compared to North Europe (20 per 1000/year). Smoking initiation rates during early adolescence (11–15 years) showed a marked increase after 1990 in all regions (except for North European males) but especially in West Europe, where they reached 40 per 1000/year around 2005. APC models supported birth cohort effects in the youngest cohorts. Conclusion Smoking initiation is still unacceptably high among European adolescents, and increasing rates among those aged 15 or less deserve attention. Reducing initiation in adolescents is fundamental, since youngsters are particularly vulnerable to nicotine addiction and tobacco adverse effects.
Tobacco consumption is the largest avoidable health risk. Understanding changes of smoking over time and across populations is crucial to implementing health policies. We evaluated trends in smoking initiation between 1970 and 2009 in random samples of European populations. We pooled data from six multicentre studies involved in the Ageing Lungs in European Cohorts consortium, including overall 119,104 subjects from 17 countries (range of median ages across studies: 33-52 years). We estimated retrospectively trends in the rates of smoking initiation (uptake of regular smoking) by age group, and tested birth cohort effects using Age-Period-Cohort (APC) modelling. We stratified all analyses by sex and region (North, East, South, West Europe). Smoking initiation during late adolescence (16-20 years) declined for both sexes and in all regions (except for South Europe, where decline levelled off after 1990). By the late 2000s, rates of initiation during late adolescence were still high (40-80 per 1000/year) in East, South, and West Europe compared to North Europe (20 per 1000/year). Smoking initiation rates during early adolescence (11-15 years) showed a marked increase after 1990 in all regions (except for North European males) but especially in West Europe, where they reached 40 per 1000/year around 2005. APC models supported birth cohort effects in the youngest cohorts. Smoking initiation is still unacceptably high among European adolescents, and increasing rates among those aged 15 or less deserve attention. Reducing initiation in adolescents is fundamental, since youngsters are particularly vulnerable to nicotine addiction and tobacco adverse effects.
Background: Tobacco consumption is the largest avoidable health risk. Understanding changes of smoking over time and across populations is crucial to implementing health policies. We evaluated trends in smoking initiation between 1970 and 2009 in random samples of European populations. Methods: We pooled data from six multicentre studies involved in the Ageing Lungs in European Cohorts consortium, including overall 119,104 subjects from 17 countries (range of median ages across studies: 33-52 years). We estimated retrospectively trends in the rates of smoking initiation (uptake of regular smoking) by age group, and tested birth cohort effects using Age-Period-Cohort (APC) modelling. We stratified all analyses by sex and region (North, East, South, West Europe). Results: Smoking initiation during late adolescence (16-20 years) declined for both sexes and in all regions (except for South Europe, where decline levelled off after 1990). By the late 2000s, rates of initiation during late adolescence were still high (40-80 per 1000/year) in East, South, and West Europe compared to North Europe (20 per 1000/year). Smoking initiation rates during early adolescence (11-15 years) showed a marked increase after 1990 in all regions (except for North European males) but especially in West Europe, where they reached 40 per 1000/year around 2005. APC models supported birth cohort effects in the youngest cohorts. Conclusion: Smoking initiation is still unacceptably high among European adolescents, and increasing rates among those aged 15 or less deserve attention. Reducing initiation in adolescents is fundamental, since youngsters are particularly vulnerable to nicotine addiction and tobacco adverse effects.
Audience Academic
Author Marcon, Alessandro
Zuberbier, Torsten
Leynaert, Bénédicte
Garcia-Aymerich, Judith
Jarvis, Deborah
Villani, Simona
Gislasson, Thorarinn
Janson, Christer
Bellisario, Valeria
Heinrich, Joachim
Dharmage, Shyamali C.
Holm, Mathias
Pirina, Pietro
Accordini, Simone
Svanes, Cecilie
Minelli, Cosetta
Pesce, Giancarlo
Calciano, Lucia
Matheson, Melanie C.
AuthorAffiliation 3 Allergy and Lung Health Unit, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
11 Department of Medical Sciences: Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
4 ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
8 University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, Reykjavik, Iceland
14 Inserm UMR 1152, Pathophysiology and Epidemiology of Respiratory Diseases, Paris, France
Legacy, Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, UNITED STATES
6 CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
5 Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
10 Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
13 MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
9 Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Clinical Center, Ludwig Maximilians Uni
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 20 Allergy Centre Charité, Department of Dermatology & Allergy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
– name: 7 Department of Respiratory Medicine and Sleep, Landspitali University Hospital (E7), Reykjavik, Iceland
– name: 2 Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
– name: 8 University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, Reykjavik, Iceland
– name: 3 Allergy and Lung Health Unit, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
– name: 12 Population Health & Occupational Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
– name: 9 Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Clinical Center, Ludwig Maximilians University, Comprehensive Pneumology Centre Munich, German Centre for Lung Research, Muenchen, Germany
– name: Legacy, Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, UNITED STATES
– name: 16 Institute of Respiratory Diseases, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
– name: 11 Department of Medical Sciences: Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
– name: 13 MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
– name: 5 Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
– name: 1 Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
– name: 4 ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
– name: 10 Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
– name: 17 Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
– name: 18 Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
– name: 6 CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
– name: 14 Inserm UMR 1152, Pathophysiology and Epidemiology of Respiratory Diseases, Paris, France
– name: 19 Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
– name: 15 University Paris Diderot Paris 7, UMR 1152, Paris, France
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  surname: Marcon
  fullname: Marcon, Alessandro
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Giancarlo
  surname: Pesce
  fullname: Pesce, Giancarlo
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  givenname: Lucia
  surname: Calciano
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  fullname: Dharmage, Shyamali C.
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  surname: Holm
  fullname: Holm, Mathias
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  givenname: Christer
  surname: Janson
  fullname: Janson, Christer
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  givenname: Deborah
  surname: Jarvis
  fullname: Jarvis, Deborah
– sequence: 12
  givenname: Bénédicte
  surname: Leynaert
  fullname: Leynaert, Bénédicte
– sequence: 13
  givenname: Melanie C.
  surname: Matheson
  fullname: Matheson, Melanie C.
– sequence: 14
  givenname: Pietro
  surname: Pirina
  fullname: Pirina, Pietro
– sequence: 15
  givenname: Cecilie
  surname: Svanes
  fullname: Svanes, Cecilie
– sequence: 16
  givenname: Simona
  surname: Villani
  fullname: Villani, Simona
– sequence: 17
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  surname: Zuberbier
  fullname: Zuberbier, Torsten
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  givenname: Cosetta
  surname: Minelli
  fullname: Minelli, Cosetta
– sequence: 19
  givenname: Simone
  surname: Accordini
  fullname: Accordini, Simone
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30133533$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-365827$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index (Uppsala universitet)
https://gup.ub.gu.se/publication/271534$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index (Göteborgs universitet)
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Cites_doi 10.1093/ije/dyy031
ContentType Journal Article
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2018 Marcon et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
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– notice: 2018 Marcon et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
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Competing Interests: TZ has received industry consulting, research grants and/or honoraria from: AstraZeneca, AbbVie, ALK, Almirall, Astellas, Bayer Health Care, Bencard, Berlin Chemie, FAES, HAL, Henkel, Kryolan, Leti, L'Oreal, Meda, Menarini, Merck, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, Stallergenes, Takeda, Teva, UCB; TZ reports the following organizational affiliations: Committee member, WHO-Initiative “Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma” (ARIA); Member of the Board, German Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (DGAKI); Head, European Centre for Allergy Research Foundation (ECARF); Secretary General, Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA2LEN); Member, Committee on Allergy Diagnosis and Molecular Allergology, World Allergy Organisation (WAO). All the other authors report no financial relationships with any organisations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous three years, and no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work. These competing interests do not alter the authors' adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. There are no restrictions to the sharing of data from this study.
Principal Investigators and Partners of the Ageing Lungs In European Cohorts study are provided in the Acknowledgments and the study website https://www.alecstudy.org/.
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Snippet Tobacco consumption is the largest avoidable health risk. Understanding changes of smoking over time and across populations is crucial to implementing health...
Background Tobacco consumption is the largest avoidable health risk. Understanding changes of smoking over time and across populations is crucial to...
Background: Tobacco consumption is the largest avoidable health risk. Understanding changes of smoking over time and across populations is crucial to...
BackgroundTobacco consumption is the largest avoidable health risk. Understanding changes of smoking over time and across populations is crucial to...
Background Tobacco consumption is the largest avoidable health risk. Understanding changes of smoking over time and across populations is crucial to...
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SubjectTerms Adolescence
Adolescents
Adult
Age
Age Factors
Aging
asthma
Behavior
Biology and Life Sciences
Cancer
Cardiovascular diseases
Cigarettes
Clinical Medicine
Cohort analysis
Consortia
countries
Drug addiction
Environmental health
Epidemiology
Europe - epidemiology
Female
Health aspects
Health policy
Health risks
Health Sciences
Humans
Hälsovetenskap
interventions
Klinisk medicin
Laws, regulations and rules
Lungs
Male
Males
Medical statistics
Medicine
Medicine and Health Sciences
Middle Aged
minors
Mortality
Nicotine
obesity
Occupational diseases
Pediatrics
People and Places
Population
Populations
prevalence
Puberty
Public health
Research and Analysis Methods
Respiratory diseases
respiratory-health-survey
responses
Retrospective Studies
Risk factors
Science & Technology - Other Topics
Smoking
Smoking - epidemiology
Smoking - trends
Teenagers
Tobacco
tobacco control
Trends
Youth
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Title Trends in smoking initiation in Europe over 40 years: A retrospective cohort study
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