Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals

The current genetic makeup of Latin America has been shaped by a history of extensive admixture between Africans, Europeans and Native Americans, a process taking place within the context of extensive geographic and social stratification. We estimated individual ancestry proportions in a sample of 7...

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Vydáno v:	PLoS genetics Ročník 10; číslo 9; s. e1004572
Hlavní autoři:	Ruiz-Linares, Andrés, Adhikari, Kaustubh, Acuña-Alonzo, Victor, Quinto-Sanchez, Mirsha, Jaramillo, Claudia, Arias, William, Fuentes, Macarena, Pizarro, María, Everardo, Paola, de Avila, Francisco, Gómez-Valdés, Jorge, León-Mimila, Paola, Hunemeier, Tábita, Ramallo, Virginia, Silva de Cerqueira, Caio C., Burley, Mari-Wyn, Konca, Esra, de Oliveira, Marcelo Zagonel, Veronez, Mauricio Roberto, Rubio-Codina, Marta, Attanasio, Orazio, Gibbon, Sahra, Ray, Nicolas, Gallo, Carla, Poletti, Giovanni, Rosique, Javier, Schuler-Faccini, Lavinia, Salzano, Francisco M., Bortolini, Maria-Cátira, Canizales-Quinteros, Samuel, Rothhammer, Francisco, Bedoya, Gabriel, Balding, David, Gonzalez-José, Rolando
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	United States Public Library of Science 01.09.2014 Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Témata:	Bias Biological diversity Biological Evolution Biology and Life Sciences Ethnic Groups - genetics Ethnicity Female Genealogy Genetic aspects Genetic diversity Genetic Variation Genetics, Population Genomes Geography Humans Latin America Male Multiculturalism & pluralism Native Americans Native North Americans Personal appearance Phenotype Population Quantitative Trait, Heritable Self Concept Studies Latin America United States Mexico United Kingdom
ISSN:	1553-7404, 1553-7390, 1553-7404
On-line přístup:	Získat plný text
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Abstract	The current genetic makeup of Latin America has been shaped by a history of extensive admixture between Africans, Europeans and Native Americans, a process taking place within the context of extensive geographic and social stratification. We estimated individual ancestry proportions in a sample of 7,342 subjects ascertained in five countries (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, México and Perú). These individuals were also characterized for a range of physical appearance traits and for self-perception of ancestry. The geographic distribution of admixture proportions in this sample reveals extensive population structure, illustrating the continuing impact of demographic history on the genetic diversity of Latin America. Significant ancestry effects were detected for most phenotypes studied. However, ancestry generally explains only a modest proportion of total phenotypic variation. Genetically estimated and self-perceived ancestry correlate significantly, but certain physical attributes have a strong impact on self-perception and bias self-perception of ancestry relative to genetically estimated ancestry.
AbstractList	The current genetic makeup of Latin America has been shaped by a history of extensive admixture between Africans, Europeans and Native Americans, a process taking place within the context of extensive geographic and social stratification. We estimated individual ancestry proportions in a sample of 7,342 subjects ascertained in five countries (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru). These individuals were also characterized for a range of physical appearance traits and for self-perception of ancestry. The geographic distribution of admixture proportions in this sample reveals extensive population structure, illustrating the continuing impact of demographic history on the genetic diversity of Latin America. Significant ancestry effects were detected for most phenotypes studied. However, ancestry generally explains only a modest proportion of total phenotypic variation. Genetically estimated and self-perceived ancestry correlate significantly, but certain physical attributes have a strong impact on self-perception and bias self-perception of ancestry relative to genetically estimated ancestry. The current genetic makeup of Latin America has been shaped by a history of extensive admixture between Africans, Europeans and Native Americans, a process taking place within the context of extensive geographic and social stratification. We estimated individual ancestry proportions in a sample of 7,342 subjects ascertained in five countries (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, México and Perú). These individuals were also characterized for a range of physical appearance traits and for self-perception of ancestry. The geographic distribution of admixture proportions in this sample reveals extensive population structure, illustrating the continuing impact of demographic history on the genetic diversity of Latin America. Significant ancestry effects were detected for most phenotypes studied. However, ancestry generally explains only a modest proportion of total phenotypic variation. Genetically estimated and self-perceived ancestry correlate significantly, but certain physical attributes have a strong impact on self-perception and bias self-perception of ancestry relative to genetically estimated ancestry. The current genetic makeup of Latin America has been shaped by a history of extensive admixture between Africans, Europeans and Native Americans, a process taking place within the context of extensive geographic and social stratification. We estimated individual ancestry proportions in a sample of 7,342 subjects ascertained in five countries (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, México and Perú). These individuals were also characterized for a range of physical appearance traits and for self-perception of ancestry. The geographic distribution of admixture proportions in this sample reveals extensive population structure, illustrating the continuing impact of demographic history on the genetic diversity of Latin America. Significant ancestry effects were detected for most phenotypes studied. However, ancestry generally explains only a modest proportion of total phenotypic variation. Genetically estimated and self-perceived ancestry correlate significantly, but certain physical attributes have a strong impact on self-perception and bias self-perception of ancestry relative to genetically estimated ancestry. Latin America has a history of extensive mixing between Native Americans and people arriving from Europe and Africa. As a result, individuals in the region have a highly heterogeneous genetic background and show great variation in physical appearance. Latin America offers an excellent opportunity to examine the genetic basis of the differentiation in physical appearance between Africans, Europeans and Native Americans. The region is also an advantageous setting in which to examine the interplay of genetic, physical and social factors in relation to ethnic/racial self-perception. Here we present the most extensive analysis of genetic ancestry, physical diversity and self-perception of ancestry yet conducted in Latin America. We find significant geographic variation in ancestry across the region, this variation being consistent with demographic history and census information. We show that genetic ancestry impacts many aspects of physical appearance. We observe that self-perception is highly influenced by physical appearance, and that variation in physical appearance biases self-perception of ancestry relative to genetically estimated ancestry. The current genetic makeup of Latin America has been shaped by a history of extensive admixture between Africans, Europeans and Native Americans, a process taking place within the context of extensive geographic and social stratification. We estimated individual ancestry proportions in a sample of 7,342 subjects ascertained in five countries (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, México and Perú). These individuals were also characterized for a range of physical appearance traits and for self-perception of ancestry. The geographic distribution of admixture proportions in this sample reveals extensive population structure, illustrating the continuing impact of demographic history on the genetic diversity of Latin America. Significant ancestry effects were detected for most phenotypes studied. However, ancestry generally explains only a modest proportion of total phenotypic variation. Genetically estimated and self-perceived ancestry correlate significantly, but certain physical attributes have a strong impact on self-perception and bias self-perception of ancestry relative to genetically estimated ancestry. The current genetic makeup of Latin America has been shaped by a history of extensive admixture between Africans, Europeans and Native Americans, a process taking place within the context of extensive geographic and social stratification. We estimated individual ancestry proportions in a sample of 7,342 subjects ascertained in five countries (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, México and Perú). These individuals were also characterized for a range of physical appearance traits and for self-perception of ancestry. The geographic distribution of admixture proportions in this sample reveals extensive population structure, illustrating the continuing impact of demographic history on the genetic diversity of Latin America. Significant ancestry effects were detected for most phenotypes studied. However, ancestry generally explains only a modest proportion of total phenotypic variation. Genetically estimated and self-perceived ancestry correlate significantly, but certain physical attributes have a strong impact on self-perception and bias self-perception of ancestry relative to genetically estimated ancestry.The current genetic makeup of Latin America has been shaped by a history of extensive admixture between Africans, Europeans and Native Americans, a process taking place within the context of extensive geographic and social stratification. We estimated individual ancestry proportions in a sample of 7,342 subjects ascertained in five countries (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, México and Perú). These individuals were also characterized for a range of physical appearance traits and for self-perception of ancestry. The geographic distribution of admixture proportions in this sample reveals extensive population structure, illustrating the continuing impact of demographic history on the genetic diversity of Latin America. Significant ancestry effects were detected for most phenotypes studied. However, ancestry generally explains only a modest proportion of total phenotypic variation. Genetically estimated and self-perceived ancestry correlate significantly, but certain physical attributes have a strong impact on self-perception and bias self-perception of ancestry relative to genetically estimated ancestry.
Audience	Academic
Author	de Oliveira, Marcelo Zagonel Balding, David Gibbon, Sahra Canizales-Quinteros, Samuel Pizarro, María Bortolini, Maria-Cátira Bedoya, Gabriel Ramallo, Virginia Attanasio, Orazio Gallo, Carla Gómez-Valdés, Jorge Adhikari, Kaustubh Ruiz-Linares, Andrés Ray, Nicolas Poletti, Giovanni de Avila, Francisco Silva de Cerqueira, Caio C. Gonzalez-José, Rolando Quinto-Sanchez, Mirsha Arias, William Rosique, Javier Jaramillo, Claudia Acuña-Alonzo, Victor Everardo, Paola Salzano, Francisco M. Hunemeier, Tábita Konca, Esra Rothhammer, Francisco Burley, Mari-Wyn Rubio-Codina, Marta Fuentes, Macarena Veronez, Mauricio Roberto León-Mimila, Paola Schuler-Faccini, Lavinia
AuthorAffiliation	5 Instituto de Alta Investigación Universidad de Tarapacá, Programa de Genética Humana ICBM Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile and Centro de Investigaciones del Hombre en el Desierto, Arica, Chile 9 The Institute for Fiscal Studies, London, United Kingdom 7 Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil 8 Remote Sensing and Digital Imaging Laboratory, Graduate Program on Geology, Vale do Rio dos Sinos University, São Leopoldo, Brazil 2 National Institute of Anthropology and History, México City, México 3 Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Argentina 4 Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia University of Chicago, United States of America 6 Facultad de Medicina and Facultad de Química, UNAM, México City, México 1 Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom 13 Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Univers
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 4 Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia – name: 13 Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Perúana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú – name: 6 Facultad de Medicina and Facultad de Química, UNAM, México City, México – name: 2 National Institute of Anthropology and History, México City, México – name: 15 Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, México City, México – name: 7 Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil – name: 10 Department of Economics, University College London, United Kingdom – name: 3 Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Argentina – name: 8 Remote Sensing and Digital Imaging Laboratory, Graduate Program on Geology, Vale do Rio dos Sinos University, São Leopoldo, Brazil – name: 11 Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom – name: 5 Instituto de Alta Investigación Universidad de Tarapacá, Programa de Genética Humana ICBM Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile and Centro de Investigaciones del Hombre en el Desierto, Arica, Chile – name: 9 The Institute for Fiscal Studies, London, United Kingdom – name: 14 Departamento de Antropología. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia – name: 1 Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom – name: University of Chicago, United States of America – name: 12 Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Carouge, Switzerland
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BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25254375$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Copyright	COPYRIGHT 2014 Public Library of Science 2014 Ruiz-Linares et al 2014 Ruiz-Linares et al 2014 Public Library of Science. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: Ruiz-Linares A, Adhikari K, Acuña-Alonzo V, Quinto-Sanchez M, Jaramillo C, Arias W, et al. (2014) Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals. PLoS Genet 10(9): e1004572. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004572
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Notes	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Conceived and designed the experiments: ARL RGJ DB GB JR CG GP FR JGV VAA SG. Performed the experiments: CJ WA VAA MQS MF MP PE GP FdA JGV PLM TH VR CCSdC MWB EK. Analyzed the data: ARL KA RGJ MQS MZdO MRV MRC OA NR. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CJ WA GB MF MP PE FdA JGV PLM VAA TH VR CCSdC MWB LSF FMS MCB SCQ. Wrote the paper: ARL KA.
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Snippet	The current genetic makeup of Latin America has been shaped by a history of extensive admixture between Africans, Europeans and Native Americans, a process... The current genetic makeup of Latin America has been shaped by a history of extensive admixture between Africans, Europeans and Native Americans, a process...
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SubjectTerms	Bias Biological diversity Biological Evolution Biology and Life Sciences Ethnic Groups - genetics Ethnicity Female Genealogy Genetic aspects Genetic diversity Genetic Variation Genetics, Population Genomes Geography Humans Latin America Male Multiculturalism & pluralism Native Americans Native North Americans Personal appearance Phenotype Population Quantitative Trait, Heritable Self Concept Studies
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Title	Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals
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