Statin Therapy and Mortality in HIV-Infected Individuals; A Danish Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
Recent studies have suggested that statins possess diverse immune modulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. As statins might attenuate inflammation, statin therapy has been hypothesized to reduce mortality in HIV-infected individuals. We therefore used a Danish nationwide cohort of HIV-infected i...
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| Vydané v: | PloS one Ročník 8; číslo 3; s. e52828 |
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| Hlavní autori: | , , , , , |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | English |
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United States
Public Library of Science
04.03.2013
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
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| ISSN: | 1932-6203, 1932-6203 |
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| Abstract | Recent studies have suggested that statins possess diverse immune modulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. As statins might attenuate inflammation, statin therapy has been hypothesized to reduce mortality in HIV-infected individuals. We therefore used a Danish nationwide cohort of HIV-infected individuals to estimate the impact of statin use on mortality before and after a diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease or diabetes.
We identified all Danish HIV-infected individuals (1,738) who initiated HAART after 1 January 1998, and achieved virological suppression within 180 days. Date of first redemption of a prescription of statin was obtained from the Danish National Prescription Registry. We used Poisson regression analysis to assess adjusted mortality rate ratios (aMRR). First, time was censored at date of virological failure (VL >500 copies/ml). Second, time was not censored at virological failure. All analyses were adjusted for potential confounders.
In the analyses confined to observation time without virological failure (+ censoring) statin therapy was associated with a non-statistically significant reduced rate of death (aMRR 0.75; 95% CI: 0.33-1.68). No difference was observed in the analysis with no censoring (aMRR 1.17; 95% CI: 0.66-2.07). Use of statin seemed to reduce mortality in individuals after a diagnosis of comorbidity {(+ censoring: aMRR: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.11-1.04), (-censoring: aMRR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.32-1.29)}. No difference in rate of death could be detected before first date of diagnosis of comorbidity {(+ censoring: aMRR: 1.12; 95% CI: 0.34-3.62), (-censoring: aMRR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.28-2.88)}.
Statin therapy might reduce all-cause mortality in HIV-infected individuals, but the impact on individuals with no comorbidity seems small or absent. An unambiguous proof of a causal relation can only be obtained in a randomized controlled trial, but the sample size predicted may be prohibitive for its conduct. |
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| AbstractList | Background Recent studies have suggested that statins possess diverse immune modulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. As statins might attenuate inflammation, statin therapy has been hypothesized to reduce mortality in HIV-infected individuals. We therefore used a Danish nationwide cohort of HIV-infected individuals to estimate the impact of statin use on mortality before and after a diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease or diabetes. Methods We identified all Danish HIV-infected individuals (1,738) who initiated HAART after 1 January 1998, and achieved virological suppression within 180 days. Date of first redemption of a prescription of statin was obtained from the Danish National Prescription Registry. We used Poisson regression analysis to assess adjusted mortality rate ratios (aMRR). First, time was censored at date of virological failure (VL >500 copies/ml). Second, time was not censored at virological failure. All analyses were adjusted for potential confounders. Results In the analyses confined to observation time without virological failure (+ censoring) statin therapy was associated with a non-statistically significant reduced rate of death (aMRR 0.75; 95% CI: 0.33–1.68). No difference was observed in the analysis with no censoring (aMRR 1.17; 95% CI: 0.66–2.07). Use of statin seemed to reduce mortality in individuals after a diagnosis of comorbidity {(+ censoring: aMRR: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.11–1.04), (−censoring: aMRR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.32–1.29)}. No difference in rate of death could be detected before first date of diagnosis of comorbidity {(+ censoring: aMRR: 1.12; 95% CI: 0.34–3.62), (−censoring: aMRR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.28–2.88)}. Conclusion Statin therapy might reduce all-cause mortality in HIV-infected individuals, but the impact on individuals with no comorbidity seems small or absent. An unambiguous proof of a causal relation can only be obtained in a randomized controlled trial, but the sample size predicted may be prohibitive for its conduct. BackgroundRecent studies have suggested that statins possess diverse immune modulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. As statins might attenuate inflammation, statin therapy has been hypothesized to reduce mortality in HIV-infected individuals. We therefore used a Danish nationwide cohort of HIV-infected individuals to estimate the impact of statin use on mortality before and after a diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease or diabetes.MethodsWe identified all Danish HIV-infected individuals (1,738) who initiated HAART after 1 January 1998, and achieved virological suppression within 180 days. Date of first redemption of a prescription of statin was obtained from the Danish National Prescription Registry. We used Poisson regression analysis to assess adjusted mortality rate ratios (aMRR). First, time was censored at date of virological failure (VL >500 copies/ml). Second, time was not censored at virological failure. All analyses were adjusted for potential confounders.ResultsIn the analyses confined to observation time without virological failure (+ censoring) statin therapy was associated with a non-statistically significant reduced rate of death (aMRR 0.75; 95% CI: 0.33-1.68). No difference was observed in the analysis with no censoring (aMRR 1.17; 95% CI: 0.66-2.07). Use of statin seemed to reduce mortality in individuals after a diagnosis of comorbidity {(+ censoring: aMRR: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.11-1.04), (-censoring: aMRR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.32-1.29)}. No difference in rate of death could be detected before first date of diagnosis of comorbidity {(+ censoring: aMRR: 1.12; 95% CI: 0.34-3.62), (-censoring: aMRR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.28-2.88)}.ConclusionStatin therapy might reduce all-cause mortality in HIV-infected individuals, but the impact on individuals with no comorbidity seems small or absent. An unambiguous proof of a causal relation can only be obtained in a randomized controlled trial, but the sample size predicted may be prohibitive for its conduct. Recent studies have suggested that statins possess diverse immune modulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. As statins might attenuate inflammation, statin therapy has been hypothesized to reduce mortality in HIV-infected individuals. We therefore used a Danish nationwide cohort of HIV-infected individuals to estimate the impact of statin use on mortality before and after a diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease or diabetes.BACKGROUNDRecent studies have suggested that statins possess diverse immune modulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. As statins might attenuate inflammation, statin therapy has been hypothesized to reduce mortality in HIV-infected individuals. We therefore used a Danish nationwide cohort of HIV-infected individuals to estimate the impact of statin use on mortality before and after a diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease or diabetes.We identified all Danish HIV-infected individuals (1,738) who initiated HAART after 1 January 1998, and achieved virological suppression within 180 days. Date of first redemption of a prescription of statin was obtained from the Danish National Prescription Registry. We used Poisson regression analysis to assess adjusted mortality rate ratios (aMRR). First, time was censored at date of virological failure (VL >500 copies/ml). Second, time was not censored at virological failure. All analyses were adjusted for potential confounders.METHODSWe identified all Danish HIV-infected individuals (1,738) who initiated HAART after 1 January 1998, and achieved virological suppression within 180 days. Date of first redemption of a prescription of statin was obtained from the Danish National Prescription Registry. We used Poisson regression analysis to assess adjusted mortality rate ratios (aMRR). First, time was censored at date of virological failure (VL >500 copies/ml). Second, time was not censored at virological failure. All analyses were adjusted for potential confounders.In the analyses confined to observation time without virological failure (+ censoring) statin therapy was associated with a non-statistically significant reduced rate of death (aMRR 0.75; 95% CI: 0.33-1.68). No difference was observed in the analysis with no censoring (aMRR 1.17; 95% CI: 0.66-2.07). Use of statin seemed to reduce mortality in individuals after a diagnosis of comorbidity {(+ censoring: aMRR: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.11-1.04), (-censoring: aMRR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.32-1.29)}. No difference in rate of death could be detected before first date of diagnosis of comorbidity {(+ censoring: aMRR: 1.12; 95% CI: 0.34-3.62), (-censoring: aMRR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.28-2.88)}.RESULTSIn the analyses confined to observation time without virological failure (+ censoring) statin therapy was associated with a non-statistically significant reduced rate of death (aMRR 0.75; 95% CI: 0.33-1.68). No difference was observed in the analysis with no censoring (aMRR 1.17; 95% CI: 0.66-2.07). Use of statin seemed to reduce mortality in individuals after a diagnosis of comorbidity {(+ censoring: aMRR: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.11-1.04), (-censoring: aMRR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.32-1.29)}. No difference in rate of death could be detected before first date of diagnosis of comorbidity {(+ censoring: aMRR: 1.12; 95% CI: 0.34-3.62), (-censoring: aMRR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.28-2.88)}.Statin therapy might reduce all-cause mortality in HIV-infected individuals, but the impact on individuals with no comorbidity seems small or absent. An unambiguous proof of a causal relation can only be obtained in a randomized controlled trial, but the sample size predicted may be prohibitive for its conduct.CONCLUSIONStatin therapy might reduce all-cause mortality in HIV-infected individuals, but the impact on individuals with no comorbidity seems small or absent. An unambiguous proof of a causal relation can only be obtained in a randomized controlled trial, but the sample size predicted may be prohibitive for its conduct. Recent studies have suggested that statins possess diverse immune modulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. As statins might attenuate inflammation, statin therapy has been hypothesized to reduce mortality in HIV-infected individuals. We therefore used a Danish nationwide cohort of HIV-infected individuals to estimate the impact of statin use on mortality before and after a diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease or diabetes. We identified all Danish HIV-infected individuals (1,738) who initiated HAART after 1 January 1998, and achieved virological suppression within 180 days. Date of first redemption of a prescription of statin was obtained from the Danish National Prescription Registry. We used Poisson regression analysis to assess adjusted mortality rate ratios (aMRR). First, time was censored at date of virological failure (VL >500 copies/ml). Second, time was not censored at virological failure. All analyses were adjusted for potential confounders. In the analyses confined to observation time without virological failure (+ censoring) statin therapy was associated with a non-statistically significant reduced rate of death (aMRR 0.75; 95% CI: 0.33-1.68). No difference was observed in the analysis with no censoring (aMRR 1.17; 95% CI: 0.66-2.07). Use of statin seemed to reduce mortality in individuals after a diagnosis of comorbidity (+ censoring: aMRR: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.11-1.04), (-censoring: aMRR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.32-1.29). No difference in rate of death could be detected before first date of diagnosis of comorbidity (+ censoring: aMRR: 1.12; 95% CI: 0.34-3.62), (-censoring: aMRR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.28-2.88). Statin therapy might reduce all-cause mortality in HIV-infected individuals, but the impact on individuals with no comorbidity seems small or absent. An unambiguous proof of a causal relation can only be obtained in a randomized controlled trial, but the sample size predicted may be prohibitive for its conduct. Recent studies have suggested that statins possess diverse immune modulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. As statins might attenuate inflammation, statin therapy has been hypothesized to reduce mortality in HIV-infected individuals. We therefore used a Danish nationwide cohort of HIV-infected individuals to estimate the impact of statin use on mortality before and after a diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease or diabetes. We identified all Danish HIV-infected individuals (1,738) who initiated HAART after 1 January 1998, and achieved virological suppression within 180 days. Date of first redemption of a prescription of statin was obtained from the Danish National Prescription Registry. We used Poisson regression analysis to assess adjusted mortality rate ratios (aMRR). First, time was censored at date of virological failure (VL >500 copies/ml). Second, time was not censored at virological failure. All analyses were adjusted for potential confounders. In the analyses confined to observation time without virological failure (+ censoring) statin therapy was associated with a non-statistically significant reduced rate of death (aMRR 0.75; 95% CI: 0.33-1.68). No difference was observed in the analysis with no censoring (aMRR 1.17; 95% CI: 0.66-2.07). Use of statin seemed to reduce mortality in individuals after a diagnosis of comorbidity {(+ censoring: aMRR: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.11-1.04), (-censoring: aMRR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.32-1.29)}. No difference in rate of death could be detected before first date of diagnosis of comorbidity {(+ censoring: aMRR: 1.12; 95% CI: 0.34-3.62), (-censoring: aMRR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.28-2.88)}. Statin therapy might reduce all-cause mortality in HIV-infected individuals, but the impact on individuals with no comorbidity seems small or absent. An unambiguous proof of a causal relation can only be obtained in a randomized controlled trial, but the sample size predicted may be prohibitive for its conduct. Background Recent studies have suggested that statins possess diverse immune modulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. As statins might attenuate inflammation, statin therapy has been hypothesized to reduce mortality in HIV-infected individuals. We therefore used a Danish nationwide cohort of HIV-infected individuals to estimate the impact of statin use on mortality before and after a diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease or diabetes. Methods We identified all Danish HIV-infected individuals (1,738) who initiated HAART after 1 January 1998, and achieved virological suppression within 180 days. Date of first redemption of a prescription of statin was obtained from the Danish National Prescription Registry. We used Poisson regression analysis to assess adjusted mortality rate ratios (aMRR). First, time was censored at date of virological failure (VL >500 copies/ml). Second, time was not censored at virological failure. All analyses were adjusted for potential confounders. Results In the analyses confined to observation time without virological failure (+ censoring) statin therapy was associated with a non-statistically significant reduced rate of death (aMRR 0.75; 95% CI: 0.33-1.68). No difference was observed in the analysis with no censoring (aMRR 1.17; 95% CI: 0.66-2.07). Use of statin seemed to reduce mortality in individuals after a diagnosis of comorbidity {(+ censoring: aMRR: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.11-1.04), (-censoring: aMRR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.32-1.29)}. No difference in rate of death could be detected before first date of diagnosis of comorbidity {(+ censoring: aMRR: 1.12; 95% CI: 0.34-3.62), (-censoring: aMRR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.28-2.88)}. Conclusion Statin therapy might reduce all-cause mortality in HIV-infected individuals, but the impact on individuals with no comorbidity seems small or absent. An unambiguous proof of a causal relation can only be obtained in a randomized controlled trial, but the sample size predicted may be prohibitive for its conduct. Background Recent studies have suggested that statins possess diverse immune modulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. As statins might attenuate inflammation, statin therapy has been hypothesized to reduce mortality in HIV-infected individuals. We therefore used a Danish nationwide cohort of HIV-infected individuals to estimate the impact of statin use on mortality before and after a diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease or diabetes. Methods We identified all Danish HIV-infected individuals (1,738) who initiated HAART after 1 January 1998, and achieved virological suppression within 180 days. Date of first redemption of a prescription of statin was obtained from the Danish National Prescription Registry. We used Poisson regression analysis to assess adjusted mortality rate ratios (aMRR). First, time was censored at date of virological failure (VL >500 copies/ml). Second, time was not censored at virological failure. All analyses were adjusted for potential confounders. Results In the analyses confined to observation time without virological failure (+ censoring) statin therapy was associated with a non-statistically significant reduced rate of death (aMRR 0.75; 95% CI: 0.33–1.68). No difference was observed in the analysis with no censoring (aMRR 1.17; 95% CI: 0.66–2.07). Use of statin seemed to reduce mortality in individuals after a diagnosis of comorbidity {(+ censoring: aMRR: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.11–1.04), (−censoring: aMRR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.32–1.29)}. No difference in rate of death could be detected before first date of diagnosis of comorbidity {(+ censoring: aMRR: 1.12; 95% CI: 0.34–3.62), (−censoring: aMRR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.28–2.88)}. Conclusion Statin therapy might reduce all-cause mortality in HIV-infected individuals, but the impact on individuals with no comorbidity seems small or absent. An unambiguous proof of a causal relation can only be obtained in a randomized controlled trial, but the sample size predicted may be prohibitive for its conduct. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Rasmussen, Line D. Kronborg, Gitte Pedersen, Court Larsen, Carsten S. Gerstoft, Jan Obel, Niels |
| AuthorAffiliation | 3 Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark 2 Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark 4 Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States of America |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 3 Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark – name: 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark – name: 4 Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark – name: University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States of America – name: 2 Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Line D. surname: Rasmussen fullname: Rasmussen, Line D. – sequence: 2 givenname: Gitte surname: Kronborg fullname: Kronborg, Gitte – sequence: 3 givenname: Carsten S. surname: Larsen fullname: Larsen, Carsten S. – sequence: 4 givenname: Court surname: Pedersen fullname: Pedersen, Court – sequence: 5 givenname: Jan surname: Gerstoft fullname: Gerstoft, Jan – sequence: 6 givenname: Niels surname: Obel fullname: Obel, Niels |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23469159$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1378/chest.09-0194 10.1016/S0895-4356(02)00391-8 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60447-5 10.1159/000102143 10.1016/S0895-4356(02)00591-7 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | COPYRIGHT 2013 Public Library of Science 2013 Rasmussen et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2013 Rasmussen et al 2013 Rasmussen et al |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: COPYRIGHT 2013 Public Library of Science – notice: 2013 Rasmussen et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. – notice: 2013 Rasmussen et al 2013 Rasmussen et al |
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| DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0052828 |
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| DocumentTitleAlternate | HIV and Statin Associated Survival |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 Competing Interests: NO has received research funding from Roche, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, GlaxoSmithKline, Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen-Cilag and Swedish Orphan Drugs. CP has received research funding from Abbott, Gilead and Merck Sharp & Dohme. JG has received research funding from Abbott, Roche, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pharmasia, GlaxoSmithKline, Swedish Orphan Drugs and Boehringer Ingelheim. CSL has received research funding from Baxter and Crucell/SBL vaccines. GK and LDR report no conflicts of interest. The potential conflicts of interest described above do not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. Conducted the literature review: LDR. Statistical expertise: LDR NO. Revised the article critically for important intellectual content: LDR GK CSL CP JG NO. Performed the final approval of the article: LDR GK CSL CP JG NO. Obtained the funding: CP GK CSL JG NO. Performed the administrative, technical, or logistic support: LDR NO. Conceived and designed the experiments: LDR JG NO. Analyzed the data: LDR GK CSL CP JG NO. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CP GK CSL JG NO. Wrote the paper: LDR. |
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| Snippet | Recent studies have suggested that statins possess diverse immune modulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. As statins might attenuate inflammation, statin... Background Recent studies have suggested that statins possess diverse immune modulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. As statins might attenuate... BackgroundRecent studies have suggested that statins possess diverse immune modulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. As statins might attenuate... Background Recent studies have suggested that statins possess diverse immune modulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. As statins might attenuate... |
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| SubjectTerms | Acquired immune deficiency syndrome Adult AIDS Anti-HIV Agents - pharmacology Anti-HIV Agents - therapeutic use Anti-inflammatory agents Antiretroviral drugs Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active Cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular diseases Cardiovascular Diseases - drug therapy Cardiovascular Diseases - mortality Cohort analysis Comorbidity Denmark Denmark - epidemiology Diabetes mellitus Diabetes Mellitus - drug therapy Diabetes Mellitus - mortality Diagnosis Failure analysis Female Forecasts and trends Health risk assessment Highly active antiretroviral therapy HIV HIV Infections - drug therapy HIV Infections - mortality HIV patients Human immunodeficiency virus Humans Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors - pharmacology Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors - therapeutic use Identification methods Inflammation Male Medical diagnosis Medicine Middle Aged Mortality Patient outcomes Physiological aspects Poisson density functions Population studies Population-based studies Predictive control Regression analysis Renal Insufficiency, Chronic - drug therapy Renal Insufficiency, Chronic - mortality Statins Statistical analysis Studies Survival Analysis Therapy Viral Load |
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| Title | Statin Therapy and Mortality in HIV-Infected Individuals; A Danish Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study |
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