Driving forces for changes in geographical distribution of Ixodes ricinus ticks in Europe

Many factors are involved in determining the latitudinal and altitudinal spread of the important tick vector Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Europe, as well as in changes in the distribution within its prior endemic zones. This paper builds on published literature and unpublished expert opinion...

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Vydáno v:Parasites & vectors Ročník 6; číslo 1; s. 1
Hlavní autoři: Medlock, Jolyon M, Hansford, Kayleigh M, Bormane, Antra, Derdakova, Marketa, Estrada-Peña, Agustín, George, Jean-Claude, Golovljova, Irina, Jaenson, Thomas G T, Jensen, Jens-Kjeld, Jensen, Per M, Kazimirova, Maria, Oteo, José A, Papa, Anna, Pfister, Kurt, Plantard, Olivier, Randolph, Sarah E, Rizzoli, Annapaola, Santos-Silva, Maria Margarida, Sprong, Hein, Vial, Laurence, Hendrickx, Guy, Zeller, Herve, Van Bortel, Wim
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:angličtina
Vydáno: London BioMed Central 02.01.2013
BioMed Central Ltd
Springer Nature B.V
BMC
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ISSN:1756-3305, 1756-3305
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Abstract Many factors are involved in determining the latitudinal and altitudinal spread of the important tick vector Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Europe, as well as in changes in the distribution within its prior endemic zones. This paper builds on published literature and unpublished expert opinion from the VBORNET network with the aim of reviewing the evidence for these changes in Europe and discusses the many climatic, ecological, landscape and anthropogenic drivers. These can be divided into those directly related to climatic change, contributing to an expansion in the tick’s geographic range at extremes of altitude in central Europe, and at extremes of latitude in Scandinavia; those related to changes in the distribution of tick hosts, particularly roe deer and other cervids; other ecological changes such as habitat connectivity and changes in land management; and finally, anthropogenically induced changes. These factors are strongly interlinked and often not well quantified. Although a change in climate plays an important role in certain geographic regions, for much of Europe it is non-climatic factors that are becoming increasingly important. How we manage habitats on a landscape scale, and the changes in the distribution and abundance of tick hosts are important considerations during our assessment and management of the public health risks associated with ticks and tick-borne disease issues in 21 st century Europe. Better understanding and mapping of the spread of I. ricinus (and changes in its abundance) is, however, essential to assess the risk of the spread of infections transmitted by this vector species. Enhanced tick surveillance with harmonized approaches for comparison of data enabling the follow-up of trends at EU level will improve the messages on risk related to tick-borne diseases to policy makers, other stake holders and to the general public.
AbstractList Many factors are involved in determining the latitudinal and altitudinal spread of the important tick vector Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Europe, as well as in changes in the distribution within its prior endemic zones. This paper builds on published literature and unpublished expert opinion from the VBORNET network with the aim of reviewing the evidence for these changes in Europe and discusses the many climatic, ecological, landscape and anthropogenic drivers. These can be divided into those directly related to climatic change, contributing to an expansion in the tick’s geographic range at extremes of altitude in central Europe, and at extremes of latitude in Scandinavia; those related to changes in the distribution of tick hosts, particularly roe deer and other cervids; other ecological changes such as habitat connectivity and changes in land management; and finally, anthropogenically induced changes. These factors are strongly interlinked and often not well quantified. Although a change in climate plays an important role in certain geographic regions, for much of Europe it is non-climatic factors that are becoming increasingly important. How we manage habitats on a landscape scale, and the changes in the distribution and abundance of tick hosts are important considerations during our assessment and management of the public health risks associated with ticks and tick-borne disease issues in 21 st century Europe. Better understanding and mapping of the spread of I. ricinus (and changes in its abundance) is, however, essential to assess the risk of the spread of infections transmitted by this vector species. Enhanced tick surveillance with harmonized approaches for comparison of data enabling the follow-up of trends at EU level will improve the messages on risk related to tick-borne diseases to policy makers, other stake holders and to the general public.
Many factors are involved in determining the latitudinal and altitudinal spread of the important tick vector Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Europe, as well as in changes in the distribution within its prior endemic zones. This paper builds on published literature and unpublished expert opinion from the VBORNET network with the aim of reviewing the evidence for these changes in Europe and discusses the many climatic, ecological, landscape and anthropogenic drivers. These can be divided into those directly related to climatic change, contributing to an expansion in the tick's geographic range at extremes of altitude in central Europe, and at extremes of latitude in Scandinavia; those related to changes in the distribution of tick hosts, particularly roe deer and other cervids; other ecological changes such as habitat connectivity and changes in land management; and finally, anthropogenically induced changes. These factors are strongly interlinked and often not well quantified. Although a change in climate plays an important role in certain geographic regions, for much of Europe it is non-climatic factors that are becoming increasingly important. How we manage habitats on a landscape scale, and the changes in the distribution and abundance of tick hosts are important considerations during our assessment and management of the public health risks associated with ticks and tick-borne disease issues in 21(st) century Europe. Better understanding and mapping of the spread of I. ricinus (and changes in its abundance) is, however, essential to assess the risk of the spread of infections transmitted by this vector species. Enhanced tick surveillance with harmonized approaches for comparison of data enabling the follow-up of trends at EU level will improve the messages on risk related to tick-borne diseases to policy makers, other stake holders and to the general public.Many factors are involved in determining the latitudinal and altitudinal spread of the important tick vector Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Europe, as well as in changes in the distribution within its prior endemic zones. This paper builds on published literature and unpublished expert opinion from the VBORNET network with the aim of reviewing the evidence for these changes in Europe and discusses the many climatic, ecological, landscape and anthropogenic drivers. These can be divided into those directly related to climatic change, contributing to an expansion in the tick's geographic range at extremes of altitude in central Europe, and at extremes of latitude in Scandinavia; those related to changes in the distribution of tick hosts, particularly roe deer and other cervids; other ecological changes such as habitat connectivity and changes in land management; and finally, anthropogenically induced changes. These factors are strongly interlinked and often not well quantified. Although a change in climate plays an important role in certain geographic regions, for much of Europe it is non-climatic factors that are becoming increasingly important. How we manage habitats on a landscape scale, and the changes in the distribution and abundance of tick hosts are important considerations during our assessment and management of the public health risks associated with ticks and tick-borne disease issues in 21(st) century Europe. Better understanding and mapping of the spread of I. ricinus (and changes in its abundance) is, however, essential to assess the risk of the spread of infections transmitted by this vector species. Enhanced tick surveillance with harmonized approaches for comparison of data enabling the follow-up of trends at EU level will improve the messages on risk related to tick-borne diseases to policy makers, other stake holders and to the general public.
Many factors are involved in determining the latitudinal and altitudinal spread of the important tick vector Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Europe, as well as in changes in the distribution within its prior endemic zones. This paper builds on published literature and unpublished expert opinion from the VBORNET network with the aim of reviewing the evidence for these changes in Europe and discusses the many climatic, ecological, landscape and anthropogenic drivers. These can be divided into those directly related to climatic change, contributing to an expansion in the tick's geographic range at extremes of altitude in central Europe, and at extremes of latitude in Scandinavia; those related to changes in the distribution of tick hosts, particularly roe deer and other cervids; other ecological changes such as habitat connectivity and changes in land management; and finally, anthropogenically induced changes. These factors are strongly interlinked and often not well quantified. Although a change in climate plays an important role in certain geographic regions, for much of Europe it is non-climatic factors that are becoming increasingly important. How we manage habitats on a landscape scale, and the changes in the distribution and abundance of tick hosts are important considerations during our assessment and management of the public health risks associated with ticks and tick-borne disease issues in 21 super(st) century Europe. Better understanding and mapping of the spread of I. ricinus (and changes in its abundance) is, however, essential to assess the risk of the spread of infections transmitted by this vector species. Enhanced tick surveillance with harmonized approaches for comparison of data enabling the follow-up of trends at EU level will improve the messages on risk related to tick-borne diseases to policy makers, other stake holders and to the general public.
Many factors are involved in determining the latitudinal and altitudinal spread of the important tick vector Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Europe, as well as in changes in the distribution within its prior endemic zones. This paper builds on published literature and unpublished expert opinion from the VBORNET network with the aim of reviewing the evidence for these changes in Europe and discusses the many climatic, ecological, landscape and anthropogenic drivers. These can be divided into those directly related to climatic change, contributing to an expansion in the tick's geographic range at extremes of altitude in central Europe, and at extremes of latitude in Scandinavia; those related to changes in the distribution of tick hosts, particularly roe deer and other cervids; other ecological changes such as habitat connectivity and changes in land management; and finally, anthropogenically induced changes. These factors are strongly interlinked and often not well quantified. Although a change in climate plays an important role in certain geographic regions, for much of Europe it is non-climatic factors that are becoming increasingly important. How we manage habitats on a landscape scale, and the changes in the distribution and abundance of tick hosts are important considerations during our assessment and management of the public health risks associated with ticks and tick-borne disease issues in 21.sup.st century Europe. Better understanding and mapping of the spread of I. ricinus (and changes in its abundance) is, however, essential to assess the risk of the spread of infections transmitted by this vector species. Enhanced tick surveillance with harmonized approaches for comparison of data enabling the follow-up of trends at EU level will improve the messages on risk related to tick-borne diseases to policy makers, other stake holders and to the general public.
Abstract Many factors are involved in determining the latitudinal and altitudinal spread of the important tick vector Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Europe, as well as in changes in the distribution within its prior endemic zones. This paper builds on published literature and unpublished expert opinion from the VBORNET network with the aim of reviewing the evidence for these changes in Europe and discusses the many climatic, ecological, landscape and anthropogenic drivers. These can be divided into those directly related to climatic change, contributing to an expansion in the tick’s geographic range at extremes of altitude in central Europe, and at extremes of latitude in Scandinavia; those related to changes in the distribution of tick hosts, particularly roe deer and other cervids; other ecological changes such as habitat connectivity and changes in land management; and finally, anthropogenically induced changes. These factors are strongly interlinked and often not well quantified. Although a change in climate plays an important role in certain geographic regions, for much of Europe it is non-climatic factors that are becoming increasingly important. How we manage habitats on a landscape scale, and the changes in the distribution and abundance of tick hosts are important considerations during our assessment and management of the public health risks associated with ticks and tick-borne disease issues in 21st century Europe. Better understanding and mapping of the spread of I. ricinus (and changes in its abundance) is, however, essential to assess the risk of the spread of infections transmitted by this vector species. Enhanced tick surveillance with harmonized approaches for comparison of data enabling the follow-up of trends at EU level will improve the messages on risk related to tick-borne diseases to policy makers, other stake holders and to the general public.
Many factors are involved in determining the latitudinal and altitudinal spread of the important tick vector Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Europe, as well as in changes in the distribution within its prior endemic zones. This paper builds on published literature and unpublished expert opinion from the VBORNET network with the aim of reviewing the evidence for these changes in Europe and discusses the many climatic, ecological, landscape and anthropogenic drivers. These can be divided into those directly related to climatic change, contributing to an expansion in the tick's geographic range at extremes of altitude in central Europe, and at extremes of latitude in Scandinavia; those related to changes in the distribution of tick hosts, particularly roe deer and other cervids; other ecological changes such as habitat connectivity and changes in land management; and finally, anthropogenically induced changes. These factors are strongly interlinked and often not well quantified. Although a change in climate plays an important role in certain geographic regions, for much of Europe it is non-climatic factors that are becoming increasingly important. How we manage habitats on a landscape scale, and the changes in the distribution and abundance of tick hosts are important considerations during our assessment and management of the public health risks associated with ticks and tick-borne disease issues in 21(st) century Europe. Better understanding and mapping of the spread of I. ricinus (and changes in its abundance) is, however, essential to assess the risk of the spread of infections transmitted by this vector species. Enhanced tick surveillance with harmonized approaches for comparison of data enabling the follow-up of trends at EU level will improve the messages on risk related to tick-borne diseases to policy makers, other stake holders and to the general public.
Doc number: 1 Abstract: Many factors are involved in determining the latitudinal and altitudinal spread of the important tick vector Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Europe, as well as in changes in the distribution within its prior endemic zones. This paper builds on published literature and unpublished expert opinion from the VBORNET network with the aim of reviewing the evidence for these changes in Europe and discusses the many climatic, ecological, landscape and anthropogenic drivers. These can be divided into those directly related to climatic change, contributing to an expansion in the tick's geographic range at extremes of altitude in central Europe, and at extremes of latitude in Scandinavia; those related to changes in the distribution of tick hosts, particularly roe deer and other cervids; other ecological changes such as habitat connectivity and changes in land management; and finally, anthropogenically induced changes. These factors are strongly interlinked and often not well quantified. Although a change in climate plays an important role in certain geographic regions, for much of Europe it is non-climatic factors that are becoming increasingly important. How we manage habitats on a landscape scale, and the changes in the distribution and abundance of tick hosts are important considerations during our assessment and management of the public health risks associated with ticks and tick-borne disease issues in 21st century Europe. Better understanding and mapping of the spread of I. ricinus (and changes in its abundance) is, however, essential to assess the risk of the spread of infections transmitted by this vector species. Enhanced tick surveillance with harmonized approaches for comparison of data enabling the follow-up of trends at EU level will improve the messages on risk related to tick-borne diseases to policy makers, other stake holders and to the general public.
Many factors are involved in determining the latitudinal and altitudinal spread of the important tick vector Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Europe, as well as in changes in the distribution within its prior endemic zones. This paper builds on published literature and unpublished expert opinion from the VBORNET network with the aim of reviewing the evidence for these changes in Europe and discusses the many climatic, ecological, landscape and anthropogenic drivers. These can be divided into those directly related to climatic change, contributing to an expansion in the tick’s geographic range at extremes of altitude in central Europe, and at extremes of latitude in Scandinavia; those related to changes in the distribution of tick hosts, particularly roe deer and other cervids; other ecological changes such as habitat connectivity and changes in land management; and finally, anthropogenically induced changes. These factors are strongly interlinked and often not well quantified. Although a change in climate plays an important role in certain geographic regions, for much of Europe it is non-climatic factors that are becoming increasingly important. How we manage habitats on a landscape scale, and the changes in the distribution and abundance of tick hosts are important considerations during our assessment and management of the public health risks associated with ticks and tick-borne disease issues in 21ˢᵗ century Europe. Better understanding and mapping of the spread of I. ricinus (and changes in its abundance) is, however, essential to assess the risk of the spread of infections transmitted by this vector species. Enhanced tick surveillance with harmonized approaches for comparison of data enabling the follow-up of trends at EU level will improve the messages on risk related to tick-borne diseases to policy makers, other stake holders and to the general public.
Many factors are involved in determining the latitudinal and altitudinal spread of the important tick vector Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Europe, as well as in changes in the distribution within its prior endemic zones. This paper builds on published literature and unpublished expert opinion from the VBORNET network with the aim of reviewing the evidence for these changes in Europe and discusses the many climatic, ecological, landscape and anthropogenic drivers. These can be divided into those directly related to climatic change, contributing to an expansion in the tick's geographic range at extremes of altitude in central Europe, and at extremes of latitude in Scandinavia; those related to changes in the distribution of tick hosts, particularly roe deer and other cervids; other ecological changes such as habitat connectivity and changes in land management; and finally, anthropogenically induced changes. These factors are strongly interlinked and often not well quantified. Although a change in climate plays an important role in certain geographic regions, for much of Europe it is non-climatic factors that are becoming increasingly important. How we manage habitats on a landscape scale, and the changes in the distribution and abundance of tick hosts are important considerations during our assessment and management of the public health risks associated with ticks and tick-borne disease issues in 21st century Europe. Better understanding and mapping of the spread of I. ricinus (and changes in its abundance) is, however, essential to assess the risk of the spread of infections transmitted by this vector species. Enhanced tick surveillance with harmonized approaches for comparison of data enabling the follow-up of trends at EU level will improve the messages on risk related to tick-borne diseases to policy makers, other stake holders and to the general public.
Many factors are involved in determining the latitudinal and altitudinal spread of the important tick vector Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Europe, as well as in changes in the distribution within its prior endemic zones. This paper builds on published literature and unpublished expert opinion from the VBORNET network with the aim of reviewing the evidence for these changes in Europe and discusses the many climatic, ecological, landscape and anthropogenic drivers. These can be divided into those directly related to climatic change, contributing to an expansion in the tick's geographic range at extremes of altitude in central Europe, and at extremes of latitude in Scandinavia; those related to changes in the distribution of tick hosts, particularly roe deer and other cervids; other ecological changes such as habitat connectivity and changes in land management; and finally, anthropogenically induced changes. These factors are strongly interlinked and often not well quantified. Although a change in climate plays an important role in certain geographic regions, for much of Europe it is non-climatic factors that are becoming increasingly important. How we manage habitats on a landscape scale, and the changes in the distribution and abundance of tick hosts are important considerations during our assessment and management of the public health risks associated with ticks and tick-borne disease issues in 21.sup.st century Europe. Better understanding and mapping of the spread of I. ricinus (and changes in its abundance) is, however, essential to assess the risk of the spread of infections transmitted by this vector species. Enhanced tick surveillance with harmonized approaches for comparison of data enabling the follow-up of trends at EU level will improve the messages on risk related to tick-borne diseases to policy makers, other stake holders and to the general public. Keywords: Tick, Ixodes, Europe, Distribution, Climate, Ecology, Surveillance, Tick-borne disease
ArticleNumber 1
Audience Academic
Author Pfister, Kurt
Hendrickx, Guy
Kazimirova, Maria
Randolph, Sarah E
Vial, Laurence
Medlock, Jolyon M
Sprong, Hein
George, Jean-Claude
Papa, Anna
Zeller, Herve
Jensen, Jens-Kjeld
Oteo, José A
Santos-Silva, Maria Margarida
Bormane, Antra
Golovljova, Irina
Jensen, Per M
Plantard, Olivier
Rizzoli, Annapaola
Van Bortel, Wim
Derdakova, Marketa
Jaenson, Thomas G T
Estrada-Peña, Agustín
Hansford, Kayleigh M
AuthorAffiliation 8  , Nolsoy, Faroe Islands
11 Hospital San Pedro - Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
21 European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
20 Avia-GIS, Zoersel, Belgium
14 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation, Nantes, France
15 University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
5 Rue de la Voie Sacrée, Souilly, France
19 CIRAD, Montpellier, France
1 Medical Entomology Group, MRA, Emergency Response Department, Health Protection Agency, Salisbury, UK
7 University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
9 University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
10 Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
12 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
4 University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
6 Department of Virology, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
17 Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, CEVDI, Lisboa, Portugal
16 Fondazione Edmund Mach, San
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 21 European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
– name: 5 Rue de la Voie Sacrée, Souilly, France
– name: 3 Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovakia
– name: 9 University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
– name: 17 Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, CEVDI, Lisboa, Portugal
– name: 10 Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
– name: 20 Avia-GIS, Zoersel, Belgium
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– name: 11 Hospital San Pedro - Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
– name: 19 CIRAD, Montpellier, France
– name: 16 Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, TN, Italy
– name: 7 University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
– name: 15 University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
– name: 1 Medical Entomology Group, MRA, Emergency Response Department, Health Protection Agency, Salisbury, UK
– name: 18 National Institute of Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
– name: 12 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
– name: 13 Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
– name: 6 Department of Virology, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
– name: 14 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation, Nantes, France
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  organization: Rue de la Voie Sacrée
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  organization: Department of Virology, National Institute for Health Development
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  surname: Jaenson
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  organization: University of Uppsala
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  givenname: Per M
  surname: Jensen
  fullname: Jensen, Per M
  organization: University of Copenhagen
– sequence: 11
  givenname: Maria
  surname: Kazimirova
  fullname: Kazimirova, Maria
  organization: Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences
– sequence: 12
  givenname: José A
  surname: Oteo
  fullname: Oteo, José A
  organization: Hospital San Pedro - Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja
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  surname: Papa
  fullname: Papa, Anna
  organization: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
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  givenname: Kurt
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  fullname: Pfister, Kurt
  organization: Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich
– sequence: 15
  givenname: Olivier
  surname: Plantard
  fullname: Plantard, Olivier
  organization: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation
– sequence: 16
  givenname: Sarah E
  surname: Randolph
  fullname: Randolph, Sarah E
  organization: University of Oxford
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  fullname: Rizzoli, Annapaola
  organization: Fondazione Edmund Mach
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  givenname: Maria Margarida
  surname: Santos-Silva
  fullname: Santos-Silva, Maria Margarida
  organization: Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, CEVDI
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  givenname: Hein
  surname: Sprong
  fullname: Sprong, Hein
  organization: National Institute of Public Health and Environment (RIVM)
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  givenname: Laurence
  surname: Vial
  fullname: Vial, Laurence
  organization: CIRAD
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  givenname: Guy
  surname: Hendrickx
  fullname: Hendrickx, Guy
  organization: Avia-GIS
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  givenname: Herve
  surname: Zeller
  fullname: Zeller, Herve
  organization: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
– sequence: 23
  givenname: Wim
  surname: Van Bortel
  fullname: Van Bortel, Wim
  organization: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23281838$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02650972$$DView record in HAL
https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-191360$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index (Uppsala universitet)
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ContentType Journal Article
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COPYRIGHT 2013 BioMed Central Ltd.
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Issue 1
Keywords Ixodes
Climate
Surveillance
Europe
Distribution
Tick-borne disease
Tick
Ecology
BORRELIA-BURGDORFERI
BURGDORFERI SENSU-LATO
DERMACENTOR-RETICULATUS
FACING ALTITUDINAL GRADIENT
LYME BORRELIOSIS
BORNE ENCEPHALITIS-VIRUS
ACARI IXODIDAE
INFORMATION-SYSTEMS
SATURATION DEFICIT
POPULATION-DYNAMICS
Language English
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PublicationTitle Parasites & vectors
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JPW Scharlemann (791_CR70) 2008; 22
JM Medlock (791_CR76) 2012; 37
B Olsen (791_CR13) 1995; 61
SE Randolph (791_CR90) 2008; 1
NG Craine (791_CR12) 1995; 42
TGT Jaenson (791_CR73) 1996; 33
Z Hubalek (791_CR14) 1996; 33
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Snippet Many factors are involved in determining the latitudinal and altitudinal spread of the important tick vector Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Europe, as...
Many factors are involved in determining the latitudinal and altitudinal spread of the important tick vector Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Europe, as...
Doc number: 1 Abstract: Many factors are involved in determining the latitudinal and altitudinal spread of the important tick vector Ixodes ricinus (Acari:...
Abstract Many factors are involved in determining the latitudinal and altitudinal spread of the important tick vector Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in...
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SubjectTerms Acari
altitude
Analysis
Animals
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biomedicine
Capreolus capreolus
Cervidae
Climate
Climate Change
Disease transmission
Distribution
Ecology
Ecosystem
Entomology
Environmental aspects
Europe
European Union
expert opinion
geographical distribution
growth & development
habitats
Health aspects
hosts
Infectious Diseases
issues and policy
Ixodes
Ixodes - growth & development
Ixodes - physiology
Ixodes ricinus
Ixodidae
land management
landscapes
latitude
Life Sciences
monitoring
open climate campaign
Parasitology
Phylogeography
physiology
Prevention
public health
Review
risk
Ruminants
Ruminants - parasitology
Scandinavia
Surveillance
Tick
Tick-borne disease
Tick-borne diseases
ticks
Tropical Medicine
Veterinary Medicine/Veterinary Science
Virology
Zoogeography
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Title Driving forces for changes in geographical distribution of Ixodes ricinus ticks in Europe
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