The Customer Isn't Always Right—Conservation and Animal Welfare Implications of the Increasing Demand for Wildlife Tourism

Tourism accounts for 9% of global GDP and comprises 1.1 billion tourist arrivals per annum. Visits to wildlife tourist attractions (WTAs) may account for 20-40% of global tourism, but no studies have audited the diversity of WTAs and their impacts on the conservation status and welfare of subject an...

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Published in:PloS one Vol. 10; no. 10; p. e0138939
Main Authors: Moorhouse, Tom P., Dahlsjö, Cecilia A. L., Baker, Sandra E., D'Cruze, Neil C., Macdonald, David W.
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: United States Public Library of Science 21.10.2015
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ISSN:1932-6203, 1932-6203
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Abstract Tourism accounts for 9% of global GDP and comprises 1.1 billion tourist arrivals per annum. Visits to wildlife tourist attractions (WTAs) may account for 20-40% of global tourism, but no studies have audited the diversity of WTAs and their impacts on the conservation status and welfare of subject animals. We scored these impacts for 24 types of WTA, visited by 3.6-6 million tourists per year, and compared our scores to tourists' feedback on TripAdvisor. Six WTA types (impacting 1,500-13,000 individual animals) had net positive conservation/welfare impacts, but 14 (120,000-340,000 individuals) had negative conservation impacts and 18 (230,000-550,000 individuals) had negative welfare impacts. Despite these figures only 7.8% of all tourist feedback on these WTAs was negative due to conservation/welfare concerns. We demonstrate that WTAs have substantial negative effects that are unrecognised by the majority of tourists, suggesting an urgent need for tourist education and regulation of WTAs worldwide.
AbstractList Tourism accounts for 9% of global GDP and comprises 1.1 billion tourist arrivals per annum. Visits to wildlife tourist attractions (WTAs) may account for 20-40% of global tourism, but no studies have audited the diversity of WTAs and their impacts on the conservation status and welfare of subject animals. We scored these impacts for 24 types of WTA, visited by 3.6-6 million tourists per year, and compared our scores to tourists' feedback on TripAdvisor. Six WTA types (impacting 1,500-13,000 individual animals) had net positive conservation/welfare impacts, but 14 (120,000-340,000 individuals) had negative conservation impacts and 18 (230,000-550,000 individuals) had negative welfare impacts. Despite these figures only 7.8% of all tourist feedback on these WTAs was negative due to conservation/welfare concerns. We demonstrate that WTAs have substantial negative effects that are unrecognised by the majority of tourists, suggesting an urgent need for tourist education and regulation of WTAs worldwide.
Audience Academic
Author Moorhouse, Tom P.
Baker, Sandra E.
Macdonald, David W.
D'Cruze, Neil C.
Dahlsjö, Cecilia A. L.
AuthorAffiliation 1 Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney, United Kingdom
2 World Animal Protection (formerly the World Society for the Protection of Animals), London, United Kingdom
University of New South Wales, AUSTRALIA
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 1 Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney, United Kingdom
– name: 2 World Animal Protection (formerly the World Society for the Protection of Animals), London, United Kingdom
– name: University of New South Wales, AUSTRALIA
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Tom P.
  surname: Moorhouse
  fullname: Moorhouse, Tom P.
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Cecilia A. L.
  surname: Dahlsjö
  fullname: Dahlsjö, Cecilia A. L.
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Sandra E.
  surname: Baker
  fullname: Baker, Sandra E.
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Neil C.
  surname: D'Cruze
  fullname: D'Cruze, Neil C.
– sequence: 5
  givenname: David W.
  surname: Macdonald
  fullname: Macdonald, David W.
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26489092$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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ContentType Journal Article
Copyright COPYRIGHT 2015 Public Library of Science
2015 Moorhouse et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
2015 Moorhouse et al 2015 Moorhouse et al
Copyright_xml – notice: COPYRIGHT 2015 Public Library of Science
– notice: 2015 Moorhouse et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
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Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Conceived and designed the experiments: TPM CALD SEB NCDC DWM. Performed the experiments: TPM CALD. Analyzed the data: TPM CALD. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: TPM CALD SEB NCDC DWM. Wrote the paper: TPM CALD SEB NCDC DWM.
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Snippet Tourism accounts for 9% of global GDP and comprises 1.1 billion tourist arrivals per annum. Visits to wildlife tourist attractions (WTAs) may account for...
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SubjectTerms Analysis
Animal rights
Animal Welfare
Animals
Animals, Wild
Cetacea
Comparative analysis
Conservation
Conservation of Natural Resources
Conservation status
Customer relations
Environmental education
Feedback
National parks
Protection and preservation
Recreation
Tourism
Tourist attractions
Tourists
Travel
Wildlife
Wildlife conservation
Wildlife tourism
Zoology
Zoos
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Title The Customer Isn't Always Right—Conservation and Animal Welfare Implications of the Increasing Demand for Wildlife Tourism
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