Predicting the Effects of Woody Encroachment on Mammal Communities, Grazing Biomass and Fire Frequency in African Savannas

With grasslands and savannas covering 20% of the world's land surface, accounting for 30-35% of worldwide Net Primary Productivity and supporting hundreds of millions of people, predicting changes in tree/grass systems is priority. Inappropriate land management and rising atmospheric CO2 levels...

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Vydané v:	PloS one Ročník 10; číslo 9; s. e0137857
Hlavní autori:	Smit, Izak P. J., Prins, Herbert H. T.
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	United States Public Library of Science 17.09.2015 Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Predmet:	Africa Analysis Animals Biomass Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide atmospheric concentrations Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere Conservation of Natural Resources - methods Ecology Ecosystem Ecosystems Elephants Encroachment Fires Grasses Grassland Grasslands Grazing Herbivores Herbivory - physiology Land management Leerstoelgroep Resource Ecology Livestock Livestock - growth & development Livestock grazing Livestock production Mammals - growth & development National parks Net Primary Productivity open climate campaign PE&RC Poaceae - growth & development Predictions Residence Characteristics Resource Ecology Savannahs Tourism Trees Trees - growth & development Trends Wildlife Wildlife conservation Wood - growth & development Africa South Africa Botswana
ISSN:	1932-6203, 1932-6203
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Shrnutí:	With grasslands and savannas covering 20% of the world's land surface, accounting for 30-35% of worldwide Net Primary Productivity and supporting hundreds of millions of people, predicting changes in tree/grass systems is priority. Inappropriate land management and rising atmospheric CO2 levels result in increased woody cover in savannas. Although woody encroachment occurs world-wide, Africa's tourism and livestock grazing industries may be particularly vulnerable. Forecasts of responses of African wildlife and available grazing biomass to increases in woody cover are thus urgently needed. These predictions are hard to make due to non-linear responses and poorly understood feedback mechanisms between woody cover and other ecological responders, problems further amplified by the lack of long-term and large-scale datasets. We propose that a space-for-time analysis along an existing woody cover gradient overcomes some of these forecasting problems. Here we show, using an existing woody cover gradient (0-65%) across the Kruger National Park, South Africa, that increased woody cover is associated with (i) changed herbivore assemblage composition, (ii) reduced grass biomass, and (iii) reduced fire frequency. Furthermore, although increased woody cover is associated with reduced livestock production, we found indigenous herbivore biomass (excluding elephants) remains unchanged between 20-65% woody cover. This is due to a significant reorganization in the herbivore assemblage composition, mostly as a result of meso-grazers being substituted by browsers at increasing woody cover. Our results suggest that woody encroachment will have cascading consequences for Africa's grazing systems, fire regimes and iconic wildlife. These effects will pose challenges and require adaptation of livelihoods and industries dependent on conditions currently prevailing.
Bibliografia:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 Conceived and designed the experiments: IPJS HHTP. Performed the experiments: IPJS. Analyzed the data: IPJS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: IPJS. Wrote the paper: IPJS HHTP. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
ISSN:	1932-6203 1932-6203
DOI:	10.1371/journal.pone.0137857