Deriving Animal Behaviour from High-Frequency GPS: Tracking Cows in Open and Forested Habitat

The increasing spatiotemporal accuracy of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) tracking systems opens the possibility to infer animal behaviour from tracking data. We studied the relationship between high-frequency GNSS data and behaviour, aimed at developing an easily interpretable classifica...

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Vydáno v:	PloS one Ročník 10; číslo 6; s. e0129030
Hlavní autoři:	de Weerd, Nelleke, van Langevelde, Frank, van Oeveren, Herman, Nolet, Bart A., Kölzsch, Andrea, Prins, Herbert H. T., de Boer, W. Fred
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	United States Public Library of Science 24.06.2015 Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Témata:	Accuracy Animal behavior Animals Artificial intelligence Behavior, Animal - physiology Cattle Cervus elaphus Classification collar performance Decision Trees Ecology Ecosystem Female Foraging behavior Foraging habitats Forests Geographic Information Systems - statistics & numerical data Global navigation satellite system Global positioning systems GPS Habitat utilization Habitats large herbivores Livestock Mathematical analysis movement Movement - physiology Navigation behavior Navigation satellites Navigation systems position Regression analysis Satellite navigation systems Satellite tracking selection states Studies technology telemetry data Tracking systems Trichosurus vulpecula Netherlands
ISSN:	1932-6203, 1932-6203
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Abstract	The increasing spatiotemporal accuracy of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) tracking systems opens the possibility to infer animal behaviour from tracking data. We studied the relationship between high-frequency GNSS data and behaviour, aimed at developing an easily interpretable classification method to infer behaviour from location data. Behavioural observations were carried out during tracking of cows (Bos Taurus) fitted with high-frequency GPS (Global Positioning System) receivers. Data were obtained in an open field and forested area, and movement metrics were calculated for 1 min, 12 s and 2 s intervals. We observed four behaviour types (Foraging, Lying, Standing and Walking). We subsequently used Classification and Regression Trees to classify the simultaneously obtained GPS data as these behaviour types, based on distances and turning angles between fixes. GPS data with a 1 min interval from the open field was classified correctly for more than 70% of the samples. Data from the 12 s and 2 s interval could not be classified successfully, emphasizing that the interval should be long enough for the behaviour to be defined by its characteristic movement metrics. Data obtained in the forested area were classified with a lower accuracy (57%) than the data from the open field, due to a larger positional error of GPS locations and differences in behavioural performance influenced by the habitat type. This demonstrates the importance of understanding the relationship between behaviour and movement metrics, derived from GNSS fixes at different frequencies and in different habitats, in order to successfully infer behaviour. When spatially accurate location data can be obtained, behaviour can be inferred from high-frequency GNSS fixes by calculating simple movement metrics and using easily interpretable decision trees. This allows for the combined study of animal behaviour and habitat use based on location data, and might make it possible to detect deviations in behaviour at the individual level.
AbstractList	The increasing spatiotemporal accuracy of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) tracking systems opens the possibility to infer animal behaviour from tracking data. We studied the relationship between high-frequency GNSS data and behaviour, aimed at developing an easily interpretable classification method to infer behaviour from location data. Behavioural observations were carried out during tracking of cows (Bos Taurus) fitted with high-frequency GPS (Global Positioning System) receivers. Data were obtained in an open field and forested area, and movement metrics were calculated for 1 min, 12 s and 2 s intervals. We observed four behaviour types (Foraging, Lying, Standing and Walking). We subsequently used Classification and Regression Trees to classify the simultaneously obtained GPS data as these behaviour types, based on distances and turning angles between fixes. GPS data with a 1 min interval from the open field was classified correctly for more than 70% of the samples. Data from the 12 s and 2 s interval could not be classified successfully, emphasizing that the interval should be long enough for the behaviour to be defined by its characteristic movement metrics. Data obtained in the forested area were classified with a lower accuracy (57%) than the data from the open field, due to a larger positional error of GPS locations and differences in behavioural performance influenced by the habitat type. This demonstrates the importance of understanding the relationship between behaviour and movement metrics, derived from GNSS fixes at different frequencies and in different habitats, in order to successfully infer behaviour. When spatially accurate location data can be obtained, behaviour can be inferred from high-frequency GNSS fixes by calculating simple movement metrics and using easily interpretable decision trees. This allows for the combined study of animal behaviour and habitat use based on location data, and might make it possible to detect deviations in behaviour at the individual level.
Audience	Academic
Author	Kölzsch, Andrea van Oeveren, Herman Nolet, Bart A. de Weerd, Nelleke de Boer, W. Fred Prins, Herbert H. T. van Langevelde, Frank
AuthorAffiliation	The Australian National University, AUSTRALIA 1 Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands 2 Department of Animal Ecology and Project Group Movement Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, the Netherlands
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 1 Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands – name: The Australian National University, AUSTRALIA – name: 2 Department of Animal Ecology and Project Group Movement Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, the Netherlands
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Nelleke surname: de Weerd fullname: de Weerd, Nelleke – sequence: 2 givenname: Frank surname: van Langevelde fullname: van Langevelde, Frank – sequence: 3 givenname: Herman surname: van Oeveren fullname: van Oeveren, Herman – sequence: 4 givenname: Bart A. surname: Nolet fullname: Nolet, Bart A. – sequence: 5 givenname: Andrea surname: Kölzsch fullname: Kölzsch, Andrea – sequence: 6 givenname: Herbert H. T. surname: Prins fullname: Prins, Herbert H. T. – sequence: 7 givenname: W. Fred surname: de Boer fullname: de Boer, W. Fred
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26107643$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Notes	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 Conceived and designed the experiments: FvL HHTP BAN WFdB. Performed the experiments: NdW HvO. Analyzed the data: NdW FvL AK WFdB. Wrote the paper: NdW WFdB FvL BAN HHTP AK HvO. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Current address: Ecology group, Witteveen+Bos Consulting Engineers, Deventer, the Netherlands
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Snippet	The increasing spatiotemporal accuracy of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) tracking systems opens the possibility to infer animal behaviour from...
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SubjectTerms	Accuracy Animal behavior Animals Artificial intelligence Behavior, Animal - physiology Cattle Cervus elaphus Classification collar performance Decision Trees Ecology Ecosystem Female Foraging behavior Foraging habitats Forests Geographic Information Systems - statistics & numerical data Global navigation satellite system Global positioning systems GPS Habitat utilization Habitats large herbivores Livestock Mathematical analysis movement Movement - physiology Navigation behavior Navigation satellites Navigation systems position Regression analysis Satellite navigation systems Satellite tracking selection states Studies technology telemetry data Tracking systems Trichosurus vulpecula
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Title	Deriving Animal Behaviour from High-Frequency GPS: Tracking Cows in Open and Forested Habitat
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