COVID-19 vaccines and mental distress
The COVID-19 pandemic brought about large increases in mental distress. The uptake of COVID-19 vaccines is expected to significantly reduce health risks, improve economic and social outcomes, with potential benefits to mental health. To examine short-term changes in mental distress following the rec...
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| Vydáno v: | PloS one Ročník 16; číslo 9; s. e0256406 |
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| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
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United States
Public Library of Science
08.09.2021
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
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| ISSN: | 1932-6203, 1932-6203 |
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| Abstract | The COVID-19 pandemic brought about large increases in mental distress. The uptake of COVID-19 vaccines is expected to significantly reduce health risks, improve economic and social outcomes, with potential benefits to mental health.
To examine short-term changes in mental distress following the receipt of the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine.
Participants included 8,003 adults from the address-based sampled, nationally representative Understanding America Study (UAS), surveyed at regular intervals between March 10, 2020, and March 31, 2021 who completed at least two waves of the survey. Respondents answered questions about COVID-19 vaccine status and self-reported mental distress as measured with the four-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4). Fixed-effects regression models were used to identify the change in PHQ-4 scores and categorical indicators of mental distress resulting from the application of the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine.
People who were vaccinated between December 2020 and March 2021 reported decreased mental distress levels in the surveys conducted after receiving the first dose. The fixed-effects estimates show an average effect of receiving the vaccine equivalent to 4% of the standard deviation of PHQ-4 scores (p-value<0.01), a reduction in 1 percentage point (4% reduction from the baseline level) in the probability of being at least mildly depressed, and of 0.7 percentage points (15% reduction from the baseline level) in the probability of being severely depressed (p-value = 0.06).
Getting the first dose of COVID-19 resulted in significant improvements in mental health, beyond improvements already achieved since mental distress peaked in the spring of 2020. |
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| AbstractList | Background The COVID-19 pandemic brought about large increases in mental distress. The uptake of COVID-19 vaccines is expected to significantly reduce health risks, improve economic and social outcomes, with potential benefits to mental health. Purpose To examine short-term changes in mental distress following the receipt of the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. Methods Participants included 8,003 adults from the address-based sampled, nationally representative Understanding America Study (UAS), surveyed at regular intervals between March 10, 2020, and March 31, 2021 who completed at least two waves of the survey. Respondents answered questions about COVID-19 vaccine status and self-reported mental distress as measured with the four-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4). Fixed-effects regression models were used to identify the change in PHQ-4 scores and categorical indicators of mental distress resulting from the application of the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. Results People who were vaccinated between December 2020 and March 2021 reported decreased mental distress levels in the surveys conducted after receiving the first dose. The fixed-effects estimates show an average effect of receiving the vaccine equivalent to 4% of the standard deviation of PHQ-4 scores (p-value<0.01), a reduction in 1 percentage point (4% reduction from the baseline level) in the probability of being at least mildly depressed, and of 0.7 percentage points (15% reduction from the baseline level) in the probability of being severely depressed (p-value = 0.06). Conclusions Getting the first dose of COVID-19 resulted in significant improvements in mental health, beyond improvements already achieved since mental distress peaked in the spring of 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic brought about large increases in mental distress. The uptake of COVID-19 vaccines is expected to significantly reduce health risks, improve economic and social outcomes, with potential benefits to mental health.BACKGROUNDThe COVID-19 pandemic brought about large increases in mental distress. The uptake of COVID-19 vaccines is expected to significantly reduce health risks, improve economic and social outcomes, with potential benefits to mental health.To examine short-term changes in mental distress following the receipt of the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine.PURPOSETo examine short-term changes in mental distress following the receipt of the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine.Participants included 8,003 adults from the address-based sampled, nationally representative Understanding America Study (UAS), surveyed at regular intervals between March 10, 2020, and March 31, 2021 who completed at least two waves of the survey. Respondents answered questions about COVID-19 vaccine status and self-reported mental distress as measured with the four-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4). Fixed-effects regression models were used to identify the change in PHQ-4 scores and categorical indicators of mental distress resulting from the application of the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine.METHODSParticipants included 8,003 adults from the address-based sampled, nationally representative Understanding America Study (UAS), surveyed at regular intervals between March 10, 2020, and March 31, 2021 who completed at least two waves of the survey. Respondents answered questions about COVID-19 vaccine status and self-reported mental distress as measured with the four-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4). Fixed-effects regression models were used to identify the change in PHQ-4 scores and categorical indicators of mental distress resulting from the application of the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine.People who were vaccinated between December 2020 and March 2021 reported decreased mental distress levels in the surveys conducted after receiving the first dose. The fixed-effects estimates show an average effect of receiving the vaccine equivalent to 4% of the standard deviation of PHQ-4 scores (p-value<0.01), a reduction in 1 percentage point (4% reduction from the baseline level) in the probability of being at least mildly depressed, and of 0.7 percentage points (15% reduction from the baseline level) in the probability of being severely depressed (p-value = 0.06).RESULTSPeople who were vaccinated between December 2020 and March 2021 reported decreased mental distress levels in the surveys conducted after receiving the first dose. The fixed-effects estimates show an average effect of receiving the vaccine equivalent to 4% of the standard deviation of PHQ-4 scores (p-value<0.01), a reduction in 1 percentage point (4% reduction from the baseline level) in the probability of being at least mildly depressed, and of 0.7 percentage points (15% reduction from the baseline level) in the probability of being severely depressed (p-value = 0.06).Getting the first dose of COVID-19 resulted in significant improvements in mental health, beyond improvements already achieved since mental distress peaked in the spring of 2020.CONCLUSIONSGetting the first dose of COVID-19 resulted in significant improvements in mental health, beyond improvements already achieved since mental distress peaked in the spring of 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic brought about large increases in mental distress. The uptake of COVID-19 vaccines is expected to significantly reduce health risks, improve economic and social outcomes, with potential benefits to mental health. To examine short-term changes in mental distress following the receipt of the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. People who were vaccinated between December 2020 and March 2021 reported decreased mental distress levels in the surveys conducted after receiving the first dose. The fixed-effects estimates show an average effect of receiving the vaccine equivalent to 4% of the standard deviation of PHQ-4 scores (p-value<0.01), a reduction in 1 percentage point (4% reduction from the baseline level) in the probability of being at least mildly depressed, and of 0.7 percentage points (15% reduction from the baseline level) in the probability of being severely depressed (p-value = 0.06). Getting the first dose of COVID-19 resulted in significant improvements in mental health, beyond improvements already achieved since mental distress peaked in the spring of 2020. BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic brought about large increases in mental distress. The uptake of COVID-19 vaccines is expected to significantly reduce health risks, improve economic and social outcomes, with potential benefits to mental health.PurposeTo examine short-term changes in mental distress following the receipt of the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine.MethodsParticipants included 8,003 adults from the address-based sampled, nationally representative Understanding America Study (UAS), surveyed at regular intervals between March 10, 2020, and March 31, 2021 who completed at least two waves of the survey. Respondents answered questions about COVID-19 vaccine status and self-reported mental distress as measured with the four-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4). Fixed-effects regression models were used to identify the change in PHQ-4 scores and categorical indicators of mental distress resulting from the application of the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine.ResultsPeople who were vaccinated between December 2020 and March 2021 reported decreased mental distress levels in the surveys conducted after receiving the first dose. The fixed-effects estimates show an average effect of receiving the vaccine equivalent to 4% of the standard deviation of PHQ-4 scores (p-value<0.01), a reduction in 1 percentage point (4% reduction from the baseline level) in the probability of being at least mildly depressed, and of 0.7 percentage points (15% reduction from the baseline level) in the probability of being severely depressed (p-value = 0.06).ConclusionsGetting the first dose of COVID-19 resulted in significant improvements in mental health, beyond improvements already achieved since mental distress peaked in the spring of 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic brought about large increases in mental distress. The uptake of COVID-19 vaccines is expected to significantly reduce health risks, improve economic and social outcomes, with potential benefits to mental health. To examine short-term changes in mental distress following the receipt of the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. Participants included 8,003 adults from the address-based sampled, nationally representative Understanding America Study (UAS), surveyed at regular intervals between March 10, 2020, and March 31, 2021 who completed at least two waves of the survey. Respondents answered questions about COVID-19 vaccine status and self-reported mental distress as measured with the four-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4). Fixed-effects regression models were used to identify the change in PHQ-4 scores and categorical indicators of mental distress resulting from the application of the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. People who were vaccinated between December 2020 and March 2021 reported decreased mental distress levels in the surveys conducted after receiving the first dose. The fixed-effects estimates show an average effect of receiving the vaccine equivalent to 4% of the standard deviation of PHQ-4 scores (p-value<0.01), a reduction in 1 percentage point (4% reduction from the baseline level) in the probability of being at least mildly depressed, and of 0.7 percentage points (15% reduction from the baseline level) in the probability of being severely depressed (p-value = 0.06). Getting the first dose of COVID-19 resulted in significant improvements in mental health, beyond improvements already achieved since mental distress peaked in the spring of 2020. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Perez-Arce, Francisco Angrisani, Marco Bennett, Daniel Thomas, Kyla Kapteyn, Arie Darling, Jill |
| AuthorAffiliation | National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, TAIWAN 2 Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America 1 Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 2 Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America – name: 1 Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America – name: National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, TAIWAN |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Francisco orcidid: 0000-0003-1560-5398 surname: Perez-Arce fullname: Perez-Arce, Francisco – sequence: 2 givenname: Marco surname: Angrisani fullname: Angrisani, Marco – sequence: 3 givenname: Daniel surname: Bennett fullname: Bennett, Daniel – sequence: 4 givenname: Jill orcidid: 0000-0002-5230-2567 surname: Darling fullname: Darling, Jill – sequence: 5 givenname: Arie surname: Kapteyn fullname: Kapteyn, Arie – sequence: 6 givenname: Kyla surname: Thomas fullname: Thomas, Kyla |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34496006$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Copyright | COPYRIGHT 2021 Public Library of Science 2021 Perez-Arce et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2021 Perez-Arce et al 2021 Perez-Arce et al |
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| References_xml | – volume: 9 start-page: 246 issue: 3 year: 2021 ident: pone.0256406.ref008 article-title: Willingness of Taiwan’s healthcare workers and outpatients to vaccinate against COVID-19 during a period without community outbreaks publication-title: Vaccines doi: 10.3390/vaccines9030246 – volume: 9 start-page: 297 issue: 3 year: 2021 ident: pone.0256406.ref007 article-title: Measurement invariance of the Drivers of COVID-19 Vaccination Acceptance Scale: Comparison between Taiwanese and mainland Chinese-speaking populations publication-title: Vaccines doi: 10.3390/vaccines9030297 – ident: pone.0256406.ref017 – volume: 4 start-page: 62 year: 2021 ident: pone.0256406.ref001 article-title: Psychological consequences and coping strategies of patients undergoing treatment for COVID-19 at a tertiary care hospital: A qualitative study publication-title: Asian J Soc Health Behav doi: 10.4103/shb.shb_5_21 – volume: 50 start-page: 613 issue: 6 year: 2009 ident: pone.0256406.ref018 article-title: An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: The PHQ–4 publication-title: Psychosomatics – volume: 3 start-page: 78 year: 2020 ident: pone.0256406.ref006 article-title: Triggering altruism increases the willingness to get vaccinated against COVID-19 publication-title: Soc Health Behav doi: 10.4103/SHB.SHB_39_20 – volume: 14 start-page: 179 issue: 2 year: 2020 ident: pone.0256406.ref016 article-title: Tracking the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the lives of American households. publication-title: In Survey Research Methods – volume: 36 start-page: 100916 year: 2021 ident: pone.0256406.ref005 article-title: Sleep problems during COVID-19 pandemic and its’ association to psychological distress: A systematic review and meta-analysis publication-title: EClinicalMedicine. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100916 – volume: 122 start-page: 86 issue: 1–2 year: 2010 ident: pone.0256406.ref019 article-title: A 4-item measure of depression and anxiety: validation and standardization of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) in the general population publication-title: Journal of affective disorders doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.019 – volume: 9 start-page: 300 issue: 3 year: 2021 ident: pone.0256406.ref009 article-title: Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy publication-title: Vaccines doi: 10.3390/vaccines9030300 – volume: 15 start-page: e0241895 issue: 11 year: 2020 ident: pone.0256406.ref004 article-title: Predictors of mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic in the US: Role of economic concerns, health worries and social distancing publication-title: PloS one doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241895 – volume: 4 start-page: 51 year: 2021 ident: pone.0256406.ref013 article-title: Impact of COVID-19-related fear and anxiety on job attributes: A systematic review publication-title: Asian J Soc Health Behav doi: 10.4103/shb.shb_24_21 – volume: 9 start-page: 380 year: 2021 ident: pone.0256406.ref012 article-title: Motivation to Have COVID-19 Vaccination Explained Using an Extended Protection Motivation Theory Among University Students in China: The Role of Information Sources publication-title: Vaccines doi: 10.3390/vaccines9040380 – volume: 12 start-page: 1 issue: 1 year: 2021 ident: pone.0256406.ref010 article-title: Psychological characteristics associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and resistance in Ireland and the United Kingdom publication-title: Nature communications doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20226-9 – volume: 22 start-page: e24487 issue: 12 year: 2020 ident: pone.0256406.ref002 article-title: Anxiety and suicidal thoughts during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-country comparison among Indonesian, Taiwanese, and Thai university students publication-title: Journal of Medical Internet Research doi: 10.2196/24487 – year: 2021 ident: pone.0256406.ref014 article-title: COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Is Positively Associated with Affective Wellbeing publication-title: PsyArXiv – volume: 55 start-page: 93 issue: 2 year: 2021 ident: pone.0256406.ref003 article-title: Trajectories of Mental Distress Among U.S. Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic publication-title: Annals of Behavioral Medicine doi: 10.1093/abm/kaaa126 – volume: 9 start-page: 684 year: 2021 ident: pone.0256406.ref011 article-title: Fear of COVID-19 and perceived COVID-19 infectability supplement Theory of Planned Behavior to explain Iranians’ intention to get COVID-19 vaccinated publication-title: Vaccines doi: 10.3390/vaccines9070684 – volume: 78 start-page: 13 year: 2018 ident: pone.0256406.ref015 article-title: An introduction to the understanding America study Internet panel publication-title: Soc. Sec. Bull |
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