Physiological responses and external validity of a new setting for taekwondo combat simulation

Combat simulations have served as an alternative framework to study the cardiorespiratory demands of the activity in combat sports, but this setting imposes rule-restrictions that may compromise the competitiveness of the bouts. The aim of this study was to assess the cardiorespiratory responses to...

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Vydáno v:	PloS one Ročník 12; číslo 2; s. e0171553
Hlavní autoři:	Hausen, Matheus, Soares, Pedro Paulo, Araújo, Marcus Paulo, Porto, Flávia, Franchini, Emerson, Bridge, Craig Alan, Gurgel, Jonas
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	United States Public Library of Science 03.02.2017 Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Témata:	Anthropometry Athletes Biology and Life Sciences Biomechanics Cardiorespiratory Fitness Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena Competitiveness Exercise Exercise Test Health aspects Heart Rate Humans Lactic acid Male Martial arts Martial Arts - physiology Medicine and Health Sciences Metabolism Oxygen Oxygen Consumption Oxygen uptake Physical education Physical fitness Physical Sciences Physiological responses Physiology Research and Analysis Methods Science Simulation Studies Tae kwon do Validity Young Adult Brazil Rio de Janeiro Brazil
ISSN:	1932-6203, 1932-6203
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Abstract	Combat simulations have served as an alternative framework to study the cardiorespiratory demands of the activity in combat sports, but this setting imposes rule-restrictions that may compromise the competitiveness of the bouts. The aim of this study was to assess the cardiorespiratory responses to a full-contact taekwondo combat simulation using a safe and externally valid competitive setting. Twelve male national level taekwondo athletes visited the laboratory on two separate occasions. On the first visit, anthropometric and running cardiopulmonary exercise assessments were performed. In the following two to seven days, participants performed a full-contact combat simulation, using a specifically designed gas analyser protector. Oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]), heart rate (HR) and capillary blood lactate measurements ([La-]) were obtained. Time-motion analysis was performed to compare activity profile. The simulation yielded broadly comparable activity profiles to those performed in competition, a mean [Formula: see text] of 36.6 ± 3.9 ml.kg-1.min-1 (73 ± 6% [Formula: see text]) and mean HR of 177 ± 10 beats.min-1 (93 ± 5% HRPEAK). A peak [Formula: see text] of 44.8 ± 5.0 ml.kg-1.min-1 (89 ± 5% [Formula: see text]), a peak heart rate of 190 ± 13 beats.min-1 (98 ± 3% HRmax) and peak [La-] of 12.3 ± 2.9 mmol.L-1 was elicited by the bouts. Regarding time-motion analysis, combat simulation presented a similar exchange time, a shorter preparation time and a longer exchange-preparation ratio. Taekwondo combats capturing the full-contact competitive elements of a bout elicit moderate to high cardiorespiratory demands on the competitors. These data are valuable to assist preparatory strategies within the sport.
AbstractList	Combat simulations have served as an alternative framework to study the cardiorespiratory demands of the activity in combat sports, but this setting imposes rule-restrictions that may compromise the competitiveness of the bouts. The aim of this study was to assess the cardiorespiratory responses to a full-contact taekwondo combat simulation using a safe and externally valid competitive setting. Twelve male national level taekwondo athletes visited the laboratory on two separate occasions. On the first visit, anthropometric and running cardiopulmonary exercise assessments were performed. In the following two to seven days, participants performed a full-contact combat simulation, using a specifically designed gas analyser protector. Oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]), heart rate (HR) and capillary blood lactate measurements ([La-]) were obtained. Time-motion analysis was performed to compare activity profile. The simulation yielded broadly comparable activity profiles to those performed in competition, a mean [Formula: see text] of 36.6 ± 3.9 ml.kg-1.min-1 (73 ± 6% [Formula: see text]) and mean HR of 177 ± 10 beats.min-1 (93 ± 5% HRPEAK). A peak [Formula: see text] of 44.8 ± 5.0 ml.kg-1.min-1 (89 ± 5% [Formula: see text]), a peak heart rate of 190 ± 13 beats.min-1 (98 ± 3% HRmax) and peak [La-] of 12.3 ± 2.9 mmol.L-1 was elicited by the bouts. Regarding time-motion analysis, combat simulation presented a similar exchange time, a shorter preparation time and a longer exchange-preparation ratio. Taekwondo combats capturing the full-contact competitive elements of a bout elicit moderate to high cardiorespiratory demands on the competitors. These data are valuable to assist preparatory strategies within the sport. Combat simulations have served as an alternative framework to study the cardiorespiratory demands of the activity in combat sports, but this setting imposes rule-restrictions that may compromise the competitiveness of the bouts. The aim of this study was to assess the cardiorespiratory responses to a full-contact taekwondo combat simulation using a safe and externally valid competitive setting. Twelve male national level taekwondo athletes visited the laboratory on two separate occasions. On the first visit, anthropometric and running cardiopulmonary exercise assessments were performed. In the following two to seven days, participants performed a full-contact combat simulation, using a specifically designed gas analyser protector. Oxygen uptake (), heart rate (HR) and capillary blood lactate measurements ([La-]) were obtained. Time-motion analysis was performed to compare activity profile. The simulation yielded broadly comparable activity profiles to those performed in competition, a mean of 36.6 plus or minus 3.9 ml.kg-1.min-1 (73 plus or minus 6% ) and mean HR of 177 plus or minus 10 beats.min-1 (93 plus or minus 5% HRPEAK). A peak of 44.8 plus or minus 5.0 ml.kg-1.min-1 (89 plus or minus 5% ), a peak heart rate of 190 plus or minus 13 beats.min-1 (98 plus or minus 3% HRmax) and peak [La-] of 12.3 plus or minus 2.9 mmol.L-1 was elicited by the bouts. Regarding time-motion analysis, combat simulation presented a similar exchange time, a shorter preparation time and a longer exchange-preparation ratio. Taekwondo combats capturing the full-contact competitive elements of a bout elicit moderate to high cardiorespiratory demands on the competitors. These data are valuable to assist preparatory strategies within the sport. Combat simulations have served as an alternative framework to study the cardiorespiratory demands of the activity in combat sports, but this setting imposes rule-restrictions that may compromise the competitiveness of the bouts. The aim of this study was to assess the cardiorespiratory responses to a full-contact taekwondo combat simulation using a safe and externally valid competitive setting. Twelve male national level taekwondo athletes visited the laboratory on two separate occasions. On the first visit, anthropometric and running cardiopulmonary exercise assessments were performed. In the following two to seven days, participants performed a full-contact combat simulation, using a specifically designed gas analyser protector. Oxygen uptake (), heart rate (HR) and capillary blood lactate measurements ([La - ]) were obtained. Time-motion analysis was performed to compare activity profile. The simulation yielded broadly comparable activity profiles to those performed in competition, a mean of 36.6 ± 3.9 ml.kg -1 .min -1 (73 ± 6% ) and mean HR of 177 ± 10 beats.min -1 (93 ± 5% HR PEAK ). A peak of 44.8 ± 5.0 ml.kg -1 .min -1 (89 ± 5% ), a peak heart rate of 190 ± 13 beats.min -1 (98 ± 3% HRmax) and peak [La - ] of 12.3 ± 2.9 mmol.L –1 was elicited by the bouts. Regarding time-motion analysis, combat simulation presented a similar exchange time, a shorter preparation time and a longer exchange-preparation ratio. Taekwondo combats capturing the full-contact competitive elements of a bout elicit moderate to high cardiorespiratory demands on the competitors. These data are valuable to assist preparatory strategies within the sport. Combat simulations have served as an alternative framework to study the cardiorespiratory demands of the activity in combat sports, but this setting imposes rule-restrictions that may compromise the competitiveness of the bouts. The aim of this study was to assess the cardiorespiratory responses to a full-contact taekwondo combat simulation using a safe and externally valid competitive setting. Twelve male national level taekwondo athletes visited the laboratory on two separate occasions. On the first visit, anthropometric and running cardiopulmonary exercise assessments were performed. In the following two to seven days, participants performed a full-contact combat simulation, using a specifically designed gas analyser protector. Oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR) and capillary blood lactate measurements ([La.sup.- ]) were obtained. Time-motion analysis was performed to compare activity profile. The simulation yielded broadly comparable activity profiles to those performed in competition, a mean VO2 of 36.6 ± 3.9 ml.kg.sup.-1 .min.sup.-1 (73 ± 6% VO2PEAK) and mean HR of 177 ± 10 beats.min.sup.-1 (93 ± 5% HR.sub.PEAK). A peak VO2 of 44.8 ± 5.0 ml.kg.sup.-1 .min.sup.-1 (89 ± 5% VO2PEAK), a peak heart rate of 190 ± 13 beats.min.sup.-1 (98 ± 3% HRmax) and peak [La.sup.- ] of 12.3 ± 2.9 mmol.L.sup.-1 was elicited by the bouts. Regarding time-motion analysis, combat simulation presented a similar exchange time, a shorter preparation time and a longer exchange-preparation ratio. Taekwondo combats capturing the full-contact competitive elements of a bout elicit moderate to high cardiorespiratory demands on the competitors. These data are valuable to assist preparatory strategies within the sport. Combat simulations have served as an alternative framework to study the cardiorespiratory demands of the activity in combat sports, but this setting imposes rule-restrictions that may compromise the competitiveness of the bouts. The aim of this study was to assess the cardiorespiratory responses to a full-contact taekwondo combat simulation using a safe and externally valid competitive setting. Twelve male national level taekwondo athletes visited the laboratory on two separate occasions. On the first visit, anthropometric and running cardiopulmonary exercise assessments were performed. In the following two to seven days, participants performed a full-contact combat simulation, using a specifically designed gas analyser protector. Oxygen uptake (), heart rate (HR) and capillary blood lactate measurements ([La-]) were obtained. Time-motion analysis was performed to compare activity profile. The simulation yielded broadly comparable activity profiles to those performed in competition, a mean of 36.6 ± 3.9 ml.kg-1.min-1 (73 ± 6% ) and mean HR of 177 ± 10 beats.min-1 (93 ± 5% HRPEAK). A peak of 44.8 ± 5.0 ml.kg-1.min-1 (89 ± 5% ), a peak heart rate of 190 ± 13 beats.min-1 (98 ± 3% HRmax) and peak [La-] of 12.3 ± 2.9 mmol.L–1 was elicited by the bouts. Regarding time-motion analysis, combat simulation presented a similar exchange time, a shorter preparation time and a longer exchange-preparation ratio. Taekwondo combats capturing the full-contact competitive elements of a bout elicit moderate to high cardiorespiratory demands on the competitors. These data are valuable to assist preparatory strategies within the sport. Combat simulations have served as an alternative framework to study the cardiorespiratory demands of the activity in combat sports, but this setting imposes rule-restrictions that may compromise the competitiveness of the bouts. The aim of this study was to assess the cardiorespiratory responses to a full-contact taekwondo combat simulation using a safe and externally valid competitive setting. Twelve male national level taekwondo athletes visited the laboratory on two separate occasions. On the first visit, anthropometric and running cardiopulmonary exercise assessments were performed. In the following two to seven days, participants performed a full-contact combat simulation, using a specifically designed gas analyser protector. Oxygen uptake (V˙O2), heart rate (HR) and capillary blood lactate measurements ([La-]) were obtained. Time-motion analysis was performed to compare activity profile. The simulation yielded broadly comparable activity profiles to those performed in competition, a mean V˙O2 of 36.6 ± 3.9 ml.kg-1.min-1 (73 ± 6% V˙O2PEAK) and mean HR of 177 ± 10 beats.min-1 (93 ± 5% HRPEAK). A peak V˙O2 of 44.8 ± 5.0 ml.kg-1.min-1 (89 ± 5% V˙O2PEAK), a peak heart rate of 190 ± 13 beats.min-1 (98 ± 3% HRmax) and peak [La-] of 12.3 ± 2.9 mmol.L–1 was elicited by the bouts. Regarding time-motion analysis, combat simulation presented a similar exchange time, a shorter preparation time and a longer exchange-preparation ratio. Taekwondo combats capturing the full-contact competitive elements of a bout elicit moderate to high cardiorespiratory demands on the competitors. These data are valuable to assist preparatory strategies within the sport.
Audience	Academic
Author	Franchini, Emerson Gurgel, Jonas Soares, Pedro Paulo Porto, Flávia Bridge, Craig Alan Araújo, Marcus Paulo Hausen, Matheus
AuthorAffiliation	1 Graduate Program on Cardiovascular Sciences, Medical Science Center, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil 4 Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil 2 Biomechanics Research Group, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil 5 Sport and Exercise Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom 3 Physical Education and Sports Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil University of Utah, UNITED STATES
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 3 Physical Education and Sports Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil – name: 5 Sport and Exercise Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom – name: 2 Biomechanics Research Group, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil – name: 4 Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil – name: University of Utah, UNITED STATES – name: 1 Graduate Program on Cardiovascular Sciences, Medical Science Center, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Matheus orcidid: 0000-0001-5736-0865 surname: Hausen fullname: Hausen, Matheus – sequence: 2 givenname: Pedro Paulo surname: Soares fullname: Soares, Pedro Paulo – sequence: 3 givenname: Marcus Paulo surname: Araújo fullname: Araújo, Marcus Paulo – sequence: 4 givenname: Flávia surname: Porto fullname: Porto, Flávia – sequence: 5 givenname: Emerson surname: Franchini fullname: Franchini, Emerson – sequence: 6 givenname: Craig Alan surname: Bridge fullname: Bridge, Craig Alan – sequence: 7 givenname: Jonas orcidid: 0000-0002-9355-7793 surname: Gurgel fullname: Gurgel, Jonas
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Copyright	COPYRIGHT 2017 Public Library of Science 2017 Hausen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2017 Hausen et al 2017 Hausen et al
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Notes	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 Conceptualization: MH PPS MPA FP EF CAB JG.Formal analysis: MH PPS MPA FP EF CAB JG.Funding acquisition: MH PPS MPA FP EF CAB JG.Investigation: MH PPS MPA FP EF CAB JG.Methodology: MH PPS MPA FP EF CAB JG.Project administration: MH PPS MPA FP EF CAB JG.Resources: MH PPS MPA FP EF CAB JG.Supervision: MH PPS MPA FP EF CAB JG.Visualization: MH PPS MPA FP EF CAB JG.Writing – original draft: MH PPS MPA FP EF CAB JG.Writing – review & editing: MH PPS MPA FP EF CAB JG. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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