Synthetic viruses: a new opportunity to understand and prevent viral disease

Rapid progress in DNA synthesis and sequencing is spearheading the deliberate, large-scale genetic alteration of organisms. These new advances in DNA manipulation have been extended to the level of whole-genome synthesis, as evident from the synthesis of poliovirus, from the resurrection of the exti...

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Published in:	Nature biotechnology Vol. 27; no. 12; pp. 1163 - 1172
Main Authors:	Wimmer, Eckard, Mueller, Steffen, Tumpey, Terrence M, Taubenberger, Jeffery K
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	New York Nature Publishing Group US 01.12.2009 Nature Publishing Group
Subjects:	Agriculture Bioinformatics Biological and medical sciences Biomedical and Life Sciences Biomedical Engineering/Biotechnology Biomedicine Biotechnology Chemical synthesis Deoxyribonucleic acid Disease prevention DNA DNA biosynthesis DNA sequencing Endogenous retroviruses Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Gene sequencing Genetic aspects Genetic engineering Genetic Engineering - trends Genetic technics Genomes Genomics Humans Influenza Influenza virus Life Sciences Methods. Procedures. Technologies Molecular Biology - trends Mycoplasma genitalium Nucleotide sequencing Phage T7 Poliovirus Prevention Retrovirus review-article Structure-function relationships Synthesis Viral diseases Viral genetics Virus diseases Virus Diseases - prevention & control Virus Diseases - virology Virus Physiological Phenomena - genetics Viruses Viruses - chemistry United States Virus Picornaviridae Orthomyxoviridae DNA synthesis Enterovirus Reconstitution Synthetic biology Review Poliovirus Influenzavirus
ISSN:	1087-0156, 1546-1696, 1546-1696
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Abstract	Rapid progress in DNA synthesis and sequencing is spearheading the deliberate, large-scale genetic alteration of organisms. These new advances in DNA manipulation have been extended to the level of whole-genome synthesis, as evident from the synthesis of poliovirus, from the resurrection of the extinct 1918 strain of influenza virus and of human endogenous retroviruses and from the restructuring of the phage T7 genome. The largest DNA synthesized so far is the 582,970 base pair genome of Mycoplasma genitalium , although, as yet, this synthetic DNA has not been 'booted' to life. As genome synthesis is independent of a natural template, it allows modification of the structure and function of a virus's genetic information to an extent that was hitherto impossible. The common goal of this new strategy is to further our understanding of an organism's properties, particularly its pathogenic armory if it causes disease in humans, and to make use of this new information to protect from, or treat, human viral disease. Although only a few applications of virus synthesis have been described as yet, key recent findings have been the resurrection of the 1918 influenza virus and the generation of codon- and codon pair–deoptimized polioviruses.
AbstractList	Rapid progress in DNA synthesis and sequencing is spearheading the deliberate, large-scale genetic alteration of organisms. These new advances in DNA manipulation have been extended to the level of whole-genome synthesis, as evident from the synthesis of poliovirus, from the resurrection of the extinct 1918 strain of influenza virus and of human endogenous retroviruses and from the restructuring of the phage T7 genome. The largest DNA synthesized so far is the 582,970 base pair genome of Mycoplasma genitalium, although, as yet, this synthetic DNA has not been 'booted' to life. As genome synthesis is independent of a natural template, it allows modification of the structure and function of a virus's genetic information to an extent that was hitherto impossible. The common goal of this new strategy is to further our understanding of an organism's properties, particularly its pathogenic armory if it causes disease in humans, and to make use of this new information to protect from, or treat, human viral disease. Although only a few applications of virus synthesis have been described as yet, key recent findings have been the resurrection of the 1918 influenza virus and the generation of codon- and codon pair-deoptimized polioviruses. Rapid progress in DNA synthesis and sequencing is spearheading the deliberate, large-scale genetic alteration of organisms. These new advances in DNA manipulation have been extended to the level of whole-genome synthesis, as evident from the synthesis of poliovirus, from the resurrection of the extinct 1918 strain of influenza virus and of human endogenous retroviruses and from the restructuring of the phage T7 genome. The largest DNA synthesized so far is the 582,970 base pair genome of Mycoplasma genitalium , although, as yet, this synthetic DNA has not been 'booted' to life. As genome synthesis is independent of a natural template, it allows modification of the structure and function of a virus's genetic information to an extent that was hitherto impossible. The common goal of this new strategy is to further our understanding of an organism's properties, particularly its pathogenic armory if it causes disease in humans, and to make use of this new information to protect from, or treat, human viral disease. Although only a few applications of virus synthesis have been described as yet, key recent findings have been the resurrection of the 1918 influenza virus and the generation of codon- and codon pair–deoptimized polioviruses. Rapid progress in DNA synthesis and sequencing is spearheading the deliberate, large-scale genetic alteration of organisms. These new advances in DNA manipulation have been extended to the level of whole-genome synthesis, as evident from the synthesis of poliovirus, from the resurrection of the extinct 1918 strain of influenza virus and of human endogenous retroviruses and from the restructuring of the phage T7 genome. The largest DNA synthesized so far is the 582,970 base pair genome of Mycoplasma genitalium, although, as yet, this synthetic DNA has not been 'booted' to life. As genome synthesis is independent of a natural template, it allows modification of the structure and function of a virus's genetic information to an extent that was hitherto impossible. The common goal of this new strategy is to further our understanding of an organism's properties, particularly its pathogenic armory if it causes disease in humans, and to make use of this new information to protect from, or treat, human viral disease. Although only a few applications of virus synthesis have been described as yet, key recent findings have been the resurrection of the 1918 influenza virus and the generation of codon- and codon pair-deoptimized polioviruses.Rapid progress in DNA synthesis and sequencing is spearheading the deliberate, large-scale genetic alteration of organisms. These new advances in DNA manipulation have been extended to the level of whole-genome synthesis, as evident from the synthesis of poliovirus, from the resurrection of the extinct 1918 strain of influenza virus and of human endogenous retroviruses and from the restructuring of the phage T7 genome. The largest DNA synthesized so far is the 582,970 base pair genome of Mycoplasma genitalium, although, as yet, this synthetic DNA has not been 'booted' to life. As genome synthesis is independent of a natural template, it allows modification of the structure and function of a virus's genetic information to an extent that was hitherto impossible. The common goal of this new strategy is to further our understanding of an organism's properties, particularly its pathogenic armory if it causes disease in humans, and to make use of this new information to protect from, or treat, human viral disease. Although only a few applications of virus synthesis have been described as yet, key recent findings have been the resurrection of the 1918 influenza virus and the generation of codon- and codon pair-deoptimized polioviruses.
Audience	Academic
Author	Mueller, Steffen Taubenberger, Jeffery K Wimmer, Eckard Tumpey, Terrence M
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Eckard surname: Wimmer fullname: Wimmer, Eckard email: ewimmer@ms.cc.sunysb.edu organization: Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University – sequence: 2 givenname: Steffen surname: Mueller fullname: Mueller, Steffen organization: Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University – sequence: 3 givenname: Terrence M surname: Tumpey fullname: Tumpey, Terrence M organization: Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Jeffery K surname: Taubenberger fullname: Taubenberger, Jeffery K organization: Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
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Snippet	Rapid progress in DNA synthesis and sequencing is spearheading the deliberate, large-scale genetic alteration of organisms. These new advances in DNA...
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SubjectTerms	Agriculture Bioinformatics Biological and medical sciences Biomedical and Life Sciences Biomedical Engineering/Biotechnology Biomedicine Biotechnology Chemical synthesis Deoxyribonucleic acid Disease prevention DNA DNA biosynthesis DNA sequencing Endogenous retroviruses Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Gene sequencing Genetic aspects Genetic engineering Genetic Engineering - trends Genetic technics Genomes Genomics Humans Influenza Influenza virus Life Sciences Methods. Procedures. Technologies Molecular Biology - trends Mycoplasma genitalium Nucleotide sequencing Phage T7 Poliovirus Prevention Retrovirus review-article Structure-function relationships Synthesis Viral diseases Viral genetics Virus diseases Virus Diseases - prevention & control Virus Diseases - virology Virus Physiological Phenomena - genetics Viruses Viruses - chemistry
Title	Synthetic viruses: a new opportunity to understand and prevent viral disease
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