Twenty-first-century demographic and social inequalities of heat-related deaths in Brazilian urban areas

Population exposure to heat waves (HWs) is increasing worldwide due to climate change, significantly affecting society, including public health. Despite its significant vulnerabilities and limited adaptation resources to rising temperatures, South America, particularly Brazil, lacks research on the...

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Vydané v:PloS one Ročník 19; číslo 1; s. e0295766
Hlavní autori: Monteiro dos Santos, Djacinto, Libonati, Renata, Garcia, Beatriz N., Geirinhas, João L., Salvi, Barbara Bresani, Lima e Silva, Eliane, Rodrigues, Julia A., Peres, Leonardo F., Russo, Ana, Gracie, Renata, Gurgel, Helen, Trigo, Ricardo M.
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:English
Vydavateľské údaje: United States Public Library of Science 24.01.2024
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Predmet:
Aged
Australia
Biology and Life Sciences
Black people
Brazil
Brazil - epidemiology
Climate change
Death
Demographic aspects
Demographics
Demography
Earth Sciences
Economic aspects
Education
Educational Status
Energy consumption
Environmental aspects
Extreme heat
Extreme high temperatures
Fatalities
Female
Gender
Gender equality
Global temperature changes
Health aspects
Health care disparities
Heat
Heat waves
Hot Temperature
Humans
Income inequality
Investigations
Landslides
Latin America
Life Expectancy
Life span
Medicine and Health Sciences
Metropolitan areas
Mortality
Neoplasms
Older people
Outdoor air quality
People and places
Population
Public health
Regions
Respiratory system
Social aspects
Social Sciences
Socioeconomic Factors
Socioeconomics
South America
Temperature
Temperature extremes
Temperature rise
Urban areas
Brazil
South America
Australia
Latin America
Rio de Janeiro Brazil
ISSN:1932-6203, 1932-6203
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Abstract Population exposure to heat waves (HWs) is increasing worldwide due to climate change, significantly affecting society, including public health. Despite its significant vulnerabilities and limited adaptation resources to rising temperatures, South America, particularly Brazil, lacks research on the health impacts of temperature extremes, especially on the role played by socioeconomic factors in the risk of heat-related illness. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the effects of HWs on mortality rates in the 14 most populous urban areas, comprising approximately 35% of the country’s population. Excess mortality during HWs was estimated through the observed-to-expected ratio (O/E) for total deaths during the events identified. Moreover, the interplay of intersectionality and vulnerability to heat considering demographics and socioeconomic heterogeneities, using gender, age, race, and educational level as proxies, as well as the leading causes of heat-related excess death, were assessed. A significant increase in the frequency was observed from the 1970s (0–3 HWs year -1 ) to the 2010s (3–11 HWs year -1 ), with higher tendencies in the northern, northeastern, and central-western regions. Over the 2000–2018 period, 48,075 (40,448–55,279) excessive deaths were attributed to the growing number of HWs (>20 times the number of landslides-related deaths for the same period). Nevertheless, our event-based surveillance analysis did not detect the HW-mortality nexus, reinforcing that extreme heat events are a neglected disaster in Brazil. Among the leading causes of death, diseases of the circulatory and respiratory systems and neoplasms were the most frequent. Critical regional differences were observed, which can be linked to the sharp North-South inequalities in terms of socioeconomic and health indicators, such as life expectancy. Higher heat-related excess mortality was observed for low-educational level people, blacks and browns, older adults, and females. Such findings highlight that the strengthening of primary health care combined with reducing socioeconomic, racial, and gender inequalities represents a crucial step to reducing heat-related deaths.
AbstractList Population exposure to heat waves (HWs) is increasing worldwide due to climate change, significantly affecting society, including public health. Despite its significant vulnerabilities and limited adaptation resources to rising temperatures, South America, particularly Brazil, lacks research on the health impacts of temperature extremes, especially on the role played by socioeconomic factors in the risk of heat-related illness. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the effects of HWs on mortality rates in the 14 most populous urban areas, comprising approximately 35% of the country’s population. Excess mortality during HWs was estimated through the observed-to-expected ratio (O/E) for total deaths during the events identified. Moreover, the interplay of intersectionality and vulnerability to heat considering demographics and socioeconomic heterogeneities, using gender, age, race, and educational level as proxies, as well as the leading causes of heat-related excess death, were assessed. A significant increase in the frequency was observed from the 1970s (0–3 HWs year-1) to the 2010s (3–11 HWs year-1), with higher tendencies in the northern, northeastern, and central-western regions. Over the 2000–2018 period, 48,075 (40,448–55,279) excessive deaths were attributed to the growing number of HWs (>20 times the number of landslides-related deaths for the same period). Nevertheless, our event-based surveillance analysis did not detect the HW-mortality nexus, reinforcing that extreme heat events are a neglected disaster in Brazil. Among the leading causes of death, diseases of the circulatory and respiratory systems and neoplasms were the most frequent. Critical regional differences were observed, which can be linked to the sharp North-South inequalities in terms of socioeconomic and health indicators, such as life expectancy. Higher heat-related excess mortality was observed for low-educational level people, blacks and browns, older adults, and females. Such findings highlight that the strengthening of primary health care combined with reducing socioeconomic, racial, and gender inequalities represents a crucial step to reducing heat-related deaths.
Population exposure to heat waves (HWs) is increasing worldwide due to climate change, significantly affecting society, including public health. Despite its significant vulnerabilities and limited adaptation resources to rising temperatures, South America, particularly Brazil, lacks research on the health impacts of temperature extremes, especially on the role played by socioeconomic factors in the risk of heat-related illness. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the effects of HWs on mortality rates in the 14 most populous urban areas, comprising approximately 35% of the country’s population. Excess mortality during HWs was estimated through the observed-to-expected ratio (O/E) for total deaths during the events identified. Moreover, the interplay of intersectionality and vulnerability to heat considering demographics and socioeconomic heterogeneities, using gender, age, race, and educational level as proxies, as well as the leading causes of heat-related excess death, were assessed. A significant increase in the frequency was observed from the 1970s (0–3 HWs year -1 ) to the 2010s (3–11 HWs year -1 ), with higher tendencies in the northern, northeastern, and central-western regions. Over the 2000–2018 period, 48,075 (40,448–55,279) excessive deaths were attributed to the growing number of HWs (>20 times the number of landslides-related deaths for the same period). Nevertheless, our event-based surveillance analysis did not detect the HW-mortality nexus, reinforcing that extreme heat events are a neglected disaster in Brazil. Among the leading causes of death, diseases of the circulatory and respiratory systems and neoplasms were the most frequent. Critical regional differences were observed, which can be linked to the sharp North-South inequalities in terms of socioeconomic and health indicators, such as life expectancy. Higher heat-related excess mortality was observed for low-educational level people, blacks and browns, older adults, and females. Such findings highlight that the strengthening of primary health care combined with reducing socioeconomic, racial, and gender inequalities represents a crucial step to reducing heat-related deaths.
Population exposure to heat waves (HWs) is increasing worldwide due to climate change, significantly affecting society, including public health. Despite its significant vulnerabilities and limited adaptation resources to rising temperatures, South America, particularly Brazil, lacks research on the health impacts of temperature extremes, especially on the role played by socioeconomic factors in the risk of heat-related illness. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the effects of HWs on mortality rates in the 14 most populous urban areas, comprising approximately 35% of the country's population. Excess mortality during HWs was estimated through the observed-to-expected ratio (O/E) for total deaths during the events identified. Moreover, the interplay of intersectionality and vulnerability to heat considering demographics and socioeconomic heterogeneities, using gender, age, race, and educational level as proxies, as well as the leading causes of heat-related excess death, were assessed. A significant increase in the frequency was observed from the 1970s (0-3 HWs year.sup.-1) to the 2010s (3-11 HWs year.sup.-1 ), with higher tendencies in the northern, northeastern, and central-western regions. Over the 2000-2018 period, 48,075 (40,448-55,279) excessive deaths were attributed to the growing number of HWs (>20 times the number of landslides-related deaths for the same period). Nevertheless, our event-based surveillance analysis did not detect the HW-mortality nexus, reinforcing that extreme heat events are a neglected disaster in Brazil. Among the leading causes of death, diseases of the circulatory and respiratory systems and neoplasms were the most frequent. Critical regional differences were observed, which can be linked to the sharp North-South inequalities in terms of socioeconomic and health indicators, such as life expectancy. Higher heat-related excess mortality was observed for low-educational level people, blacks and browns, older adults, and females. Such findings highlight that the strengthening of primary health care combined with reducing socioeconomic, racial, and gender inequalities represents a crucial step to reducing heat-related deaths.
Population exposure to heat waves (HWs) is increasing worldwide due to climate change, significantly affecting society, including public health. Despite its significant vulnerabilities and limited adaptation resources to rising temperatures, South America, particularly Brazil, lacks research on the health impacts of temperature extremes, especially on the role played by socioeconomic factors in the risk of heat-related illness. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the effects of HWs on mortality rates in the 14 most populous urban areas, comprising approximately 35% of the country's population. Excess mortality during HWs was estimated through the observed-to-expected ratio (O/E) for total deaths during the events identified. Moreover, the interplay of intersectionality and vulnerability to heat considering demographics and socioeconomic heterogeneities, using gender, age, race, and educational level as proxies, as well as the leading causes of heat-related excess death, were assessed. A significant increase in the frequency was observed from the 1970s (0-3 HWs year-1) to the 2010s (3-11 HWs year-1), with higher tendencies in the northern, northeastern, and central-western regions. Over the 2000-2018 period, 48,075 (40,448-55,279) excessive deaths were attributed to the growing number of HWs (>20 times the number of landslides-related deaths for the same period). Nevertheless, our event-based surveillance analysis did not detect the HW-mortality nexus, reinforcing that extreme heat events are a neglected disaster in Brazil. Among the leading causes of death, diseases of the circulatory and respiratory systems and neoplasms were the most frequent. Critical regional differences were observed, which can be linked to the sharp North-South inequalities in terms of socioeconomic and health indicators, such as life expectancy. Higher heat-related excess mortality was observed for low-educational level people, blacks and browns, older adults, and females. Such findings highlight that the strengthening of primary health care combined with reducing socioeconomic, racial, and gender inequalities represents a crucial step to reducing heat-related deaths.Population exposure to heat waves (HWs) is increasing worldwide due to climate change, significantly affecting society, including public health. Despite its significant vulnerabilities and limited adaptation resources to rising temperatures, South America, particularly Brazil, lacks research on the health impacts of temperature extremes, especially on the role played by socioeconomic factors in the risk of heat-related illness. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the effects of HWs on mortality rates in the 14 most populous urban areas, comprising approximately 35% of the country's population. Excess mortality during HWs was estimated through the observed-to-expected ratio (O/E) for total deaths during the events identified. Moreover, the interplay of intersectionality and vulnerability to heat considering demographics and socioeconomic heterogeneities, using gender, age, race, and educational level as proxies, as well as the leading causes of heat-related excess death, were assessed. A significant increase in the frequency was observed from the 1970s (0-3 HWs year-1) to the 2010s (3-11 HWs year-1), with higher tendencies in the northern, northeastern, and central-western regions. Over the 2000-2018 period, 48,075 (40,448-55,279) excessive deaths were attributed to the growing number of HWs (>20 times the number of landslides-related deaths for the same period). Nevertheless, our event-based surveillance analysis did not detect the HW-mortality nexus, reinforcing that extreme heat events are a neglected disaster in Brazil. Among the leading causes of death, diseases of the circulatory and respiratory systems and neoplasms were the most frequent. Critical regional differences were observed, which can be linked to the sharp North-South inequalities in terms of socioeconomic and health indicators, such as life expectancy. Higher heat-related excess mortality was observed for low-educational level people, blacks and browns, older adults, and females. Such findings highlight that the strengthening of primary health care combined with reducing socioeconomic, racial, and gender inequalities represents a crucial step to reducing heat-related deaths.
Audience Academic
Author Trigo, Ricardo M.
Monteiro dos Santos, Djacinto
Rodrigues, Julia A.
Russo, Ana
Garcia, Beatriz N.
Peres, Leonardo F.
Geirinhas, João L.
Lima e Silva, Eliane
Gracie, Renata
Gurgel, Helen
Salvi, Barbara Bresani
Libonati, Renata
AuthorAffiliation 7 Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde - ICICT/Fiocruz Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
3 Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
5 Departamento de Geografia, Universidade de Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
2 Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Instituto Dom Luiz, Lisbon, Portugal
6 LMI Sentinela, International Joint Laboratory “Sentinela” (Fiocruz, UnB, IRD), Distrito Federal, Brazil
1 Departamento de Meteorologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
4 Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca - ENSP/ Fiocruz - Programa de Pós Graduação em Saúde Pública e Meio Ambiente
Federal University of ABC, BRAZIL
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 7 Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde - ICICT/Fiocruz Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
– name: 1 Departamento de Meteorologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
– name: 4 Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca - ENSP/ Fiocruz - Programa de Pós Graduação em Saúde Pública e Meio Ambiente
– name: 5 Departamento de Geografia, Universidade de Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
– name: 2 Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Instituto Dom Luiz, Lisbon, Portugal
– name: 3 Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
– name: 6 LMI Sentinela, International Joint Laboratory “Sentinela” (Fiocruz, UnB, IRD), Distrito Federal, Brazil
– name: Federal University of ABC, BRAZIL
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  givenname: Djacinto
  orcidid: 0000-0001-5111-3636
  surname: Monteiro dos Santos
  fullname: Monteiro dos Santos, Djacinto
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Renata
  orcidid: 0000-0001-7570-1993
  surname: Libonati
  fullname: Libonati, Renata
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Beatriz N.
  surname: Garcia
  fullname: Garcia, Beatriz N.
– sequence: 4
  givenname: João L.
  surname: Geirinhas
  fullname: Geirinhas, João L.
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  surname: Salvi
  fullname: Salvi, Barbara Bresani
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  givenname: Eliane
  surname: Lima e Silva
  fullname: Lima e Silva, Eliane
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  givenname: Julia A.
  surname: Rodrigues
  fullname: Rodrigues, Julia A.
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  givenname: Leonardo F.
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  fullname: Peres, Leonardo F.
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  givenname: Ana
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  fullname: Russo, Ana
– sequence: 10
  givenname: Renata
  surname: Gracie
  fullname: Gracie, Renata
– sequence: 11
  givenname: Helen
  orcidid: 0000-0002-4250-6742
  surname: Gurgel
  fullname: Gurgel, Helen
– sequence: 12
  givenname: Ricardo M.
  surname: Trigo
  fullname: Trigo, Ricardo M.
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38265975$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Copyright Copyright: © 2024 Monteiro dos Santos et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
COPYRIGHT 2024 Public Library of Science
2024 Monteiro dos Santos et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
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2024 Monteiro dos Santos et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
Copyright_xml – notice: Copyright: © 2024 Monteiro dos Santos et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
– notice: COPYRIGHT 2024 Public Library of Science
– notice: 2024 Monteiro dos Santos et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
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– notice: 2024 Monteiro dos Santos et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
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License Copyright: © 2024 Monteiro dos Santos et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Current address: Energy Planning Program, Graduate School of Engineering, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (COPPE/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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SubjectTerms Aged
Australia
Biology and Life Sciences
Black people
Brazil
Brazil - epidemiology
Climate change
Death
Demographic aspects
Demographics
Demography
Earth Sciences
Economic aspects
Education
Educational Status
Energy consumption
Environmental aspects
Extreme heat
Extreme high temperatures
Fatalities
Female
Gender
Gender equality
Global temperature changes
Health aspects
Health care disparities
Heat
Heat waves
Hot Temperature
Humans
Income inequality
Investigations
Landslides
Latin America
Life Expectancy
Life span
Medicine and Health Sciences
Metropolitan areas
Mortality
Neoplasms
Older people
Outdoor air quality
People and places
Population
Public health
Regions
Respiratory system
Social aspects
Social Sciences
Socioeconomic Factors
Socioeconomics
South America
Temperature
Temperature extremes
Temperature rise
Urban areas
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Title Twenty-first-century demographic and social inequalities of heat-related deaths in Brazilian urban areas
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