Discrete and broadband electron acceleration in Jupiter’s powerful aurora

The process that generates Earth’s most intense aurora is found to occur at Jupiter, but is of only secondary importance in generating Jupiter’s much more powerful aurora. Jupiter's awesome aurora The most intense aurora on Earth are generated by a 'discrete' process whereby electrons...

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Vydáno v:	Nature (London) Ročník 549; číslo 7670; s. 66 - 69
Hlavní autoři:	Mauk, B. H., Haggerty, D. K., Paranicas, C., Clark, G., Kollmann, P., Rymer, A. M., Bolton, S. J., Levin, S. M., Adriani, A., Allegrini, F., Bagenal, F., Bonfond, B., Connerney, J. E. P., Gladstone, G. R., Kurth, W. S., McComas, D. J., Valek, P.
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	London Nature Publishing Group UK 07.09.2017 Nature Publishing Group
Témata:	639/33/445/846 639/33/525/868 639/33/525/869 Aerospace environments Astrophysics aurora Auroral emissions Auroras Aérospatiale, astronomie & astrophysique Diffuse aurora Earth Electric fields Electron acceleration Emissions Energy Energy flux Hot electrons Humanities and Social Sciences In situ measurement Juno Jupiter Jupiter (Planet) letter Magnetic fields multidisciplinary Observations Physical, chemical, mathematical & earth Sciences Physique, chimie, mathématiques & sciences de la terre Polar environments Polar regions Science Space science, astronomy & astrophysics Stochastic processes Turbulence Wave scattering
ISSN:	0028-0836, 1476-4687, 1476-4687
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Abstract	The process that generates Earth’s most intense aurora is found to occur at Jupiter, but is of only secondary importance in generating Jupiter’s much more powerful aurora. Jupiter's awesome aurora The most intense aurora on Earth are generated by a 'discrete' process whereby electrons are accelerated coherently. Weaker aurora arise from wave scattering of magnetically trapped electrons. As Jupiter's aurora is orders of magnitude more powerful than Earth's, it was naturally assumed that the former process was responsible, yet early in situ observations by the Juno spacecraft found no evidence of the discrete process. Barry Mauk and collaborators report discrete downward accelerations of electrons on some auroral crossings, but the energy flux is much less than that caused by broadband processes, with broadband characteristics that are very different from those at Earth. The most intense auroral emissions from Earth’s polar regions, called discrete for their sharply defined spatial configurations, are generated by a process involving coherent acceleration of electrons by slowly evolving, powerful electric fields directed along the magnetic field lines that connect Earth’s space environment to its polar regions 1 , 2 . In contrast, Earth’s less intense auroras are generally caused by wave scattering of magnetically trapped populations of hot electrons (in the case of diffuse aurora) or by the turbulent or stochastic downward acceleration of electrons along magnetic field lines by waves during transitory periods (in the case of broadband or Alfvénic aurora) 3 , 4 . Jupiter’s relatively steady main aurora has a power density that is so much larger than Earth’s that it has been taken for granted that it must be generated primarily by the discrete auroral process 5 , 6 , 7 . However, preliminary in situ measurements of Jupiter’s auroral regions yielded no evidence of such a process 8 , 9 , 10 . Here we report observations of distinct, high-energy, downward, discrete electron acceleration in Jupiter’s auroral polar regions. We also infer upward magnetic-field-aligned electric potentials of up to 400 kiloelectronvolts, an order of magnitude larger than the largest potentials observed at Earth 11 . Despite the magnitude of these upward electric potentials and the expectations from observations at Earth, the downward energy flux from discrete acceleration is less at Jupiter than that caused by broadband or stochastic processes, with broadband and stochastic characteristics that are substantially different from those at Earth.
AbstractList	The most intense auroral emissions from Earth's polar regions, called discrete for their sharply defined spatial configurations, are generated by a process involving coherent acceleration of electrons by slowly evolving, powerful electric fields directed along the magnetic field lines that connect Earth's space environment to its polar regions. In contrast, Earth's less intense auroras are generally caused by wave scattering of magnetically trapped populations of hot electrons (in the case of diffuse aurora) or by the turbulent or stochastic downward acceleration of electrons along magnetic field lines by waves during transitory periods (in the case of broadband or Alfvénic aurora). Jupiter's relatively steady main aurora has a power density that is so much larger than Earth's that it has been taken for granted that it must be generated primarily by the discrete auroral process. However, preliminary in situ measurements of Jupiter's auroral regions yielded no evidence of such a process. Here we report observations of distinct, high-energy, downward, discrete electron acceleration in Jupiter's auroral polar regions. We also infer upward magnetic-field-aligned electric potentials of up to 400 kiloelectronvolts, an order of magnitude larger than the largest potentials observed at Earth. Despite the magnitude of these upward electric potentials and the expectations from observations at Earth, the downward energy flux from discrete acceleration is less at Jupiter than that caused by broadband or stochastic processes, with broadband and stochastic characteristics that are substantially different from those at Earth. The most intense auroral emissions from Earth's polar regions, called discrete for their sharply defined spatial configurations, are generated by a process involving coherent acceleration of electrons by slowly evolving, powerful electric fields directed along the magnetic field lines that connect Earth's space environment to its polar regions. In contrast, Earth's less intense auroras are generally caused by wave scattering of magnetically trapped populations of hot electrons (in the case of diffuse aurora) or by the turbulent or stochastic downward acceleration of electrons along magnetic field lines by waves during transitory periods (in the case of broadband or Alfvénic aurora). Jupiter's relatively steady main aurora has a power density that is so much larger than Earth's that it has been taken for granted that it must be generated primarily by the discrete auroral process. However, preliminary in situ measurements of Jupiter's auroral regions yielded no evidence of such a process. Here we report observations of distinct, high-energy, downward, discrete electron acceleration in Jupiter's auroral polar regions. We also infer upward magnetic-field-aligned electric potentials of up to 400 kiloelectronvolts, an order of magnitude larger than the largest potentials observed at Earth. Despite the magnitude of these upward electric potentials and the expectations from observations at Earth, the downward energy flux from discrete acceleration is less at Jupiter than that caused by broadband or stochastic processes, with broadband and stochastic characteristics that are substantially different from those at Earth.The most intense auroral emissions from Earth's polar regions, called discrete for their sharply defined spatial configurations, are generated by a process involving coherent acceleration of electrons by slowly evolving, powerful electric fields directed along the magnetic field lines that connect Earth's space environment to its polar regions. In contrast, Earth's less intense auroras are generally caused by wave scattering of magnetically trapped populations of hot electrons (in the case of diffuse aurora) or by the turbulent or stochastic downward acceleration of electrons along magnetic field lines by waves during transitory periods (in the case of broadband or Alfvénic aurora). Jupiter's relatively steady main aurora has a power density that is so much larger than Earth's that it has been taken for granted that it must be generated primarily by the discrete auroral process. However, preliminary in situ measurements of Jupiter's auroral regions yielded no evidence of such a process. Here we report observations of distinct, high-energy, downward, discrete electron acceleration in Jupiter's auroral polar regions. We also infer upward magnetic-field-aligned electric potentials of up to 400 kiloelectronvolts, an order of magnitude larger than the largest potentials observed at Earth. Despite the magnitude of these upward electric potentials and the expectations from observations at Earth, the downward energy flux from discrete acceleration is less at Jupiter than that caused by broadband or stochastic processes, with broadband and stochastic characteristics that are substantially different from those at Earth. The process that generates Earth’s most intense aurora is found to occur at Jupiter, but is of only secondary importance in generating Jupiter’s much more powerful aurora. Jupiter's awesome aurora The most intense aurora on Earth are generated by a 'discrete' process whereby electrons are accelerated coherently. Weaker aurora arise from wave scattering of magnetically trapped electrons. As Jupiter's aurora is orders of magnitude more powerful than Earth's, it was naturally assumed that the former process was responsible, yet early in situ observations by the Juno spacecraft found no evidence of the discrete process. Barry Mauk and collaborators report discrete downward accelerations of electrons on some auroral crossings, but the energy flux is much less than that caused by broadband processes, with broadband characteristics that are very different from those at Earth. The most intense auroral emissions from Earth’s polar regions, called discrete for their sharply defined spatial configurations, are generated by a process involving coherent acceleration of electrons by slowly evolving, powerful electric fields directed along the magnetic field lines that connect Earth’s space environment to its polar regions 1 , 2 . In contrast, Earth’s less intense auroras are generally caused by wave scattering of magnetically trapped populations of hot electrons (in the case of diffuse aurora) or by the turbulent or stochastic downward acceleration of electrons along magnetic field lines by waves during transitory periods (in the case of broadband or Alfvénic aurora) 3 , 4 . Jupiter’s relatively steady main aurora has a power density that is so much larger than Earth’s that it has been taken for granted that it must be generated primarily by the discrete auroral process 5 , 6 , 7 . However, preliminary in situ measurements of Jupiter’s auroral regions yielded no evidence of such a process 8 , 9 , 10 . Here we report observations of distinct, high-energy, downward, discrete electron acceleration in Jupiter’s auroral polar regions. We also infer upward magnetic-field-aligned electric potentials of up to 400 kiloelectronvolts, an order of magnitude larger than the largest potentials observed at Earth 11 . Despite the magnitude of these upward electric potentials and the expectations from observations at Earth, the downward energy flux from discrete acceleration is less at Jupiter than that caused by broadband or stochastic processes, with broadband and stochastic characteristics that are substantially different from those at Earth.
Audience	Academic
Author	Connerney, J. E. P. Adriani, A. Levin, S. M. Allegrini, F. Clark, G. Kollmann, P. Gladstone, G. R. Haggerty, D. K. Rymer, A. M. Bonfond, B. McComas, D. J. Paranicas, C. Bolton, S. J. Mauk, B. H. Kurth, W. S. Bagenal, F. Valek, P.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: B. H. surname: Mauk fullname: Mauk, B. H. email: Barry.Mauk@jhuapl.edu organization: The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory – sequence: 2 givenname: D. K. surname: Haggerty fullname: Haggerty, D. K. organization: The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory – sequence: 3 givenname: C. surname: Paranicas fullname: Paranicas, C. organization: The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory – sequence: 4 givenname: G. surname: Clark fullname: Clark, G. organization: The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory – sequence: 5 givenname: P. surname: Kollmann fullname: Kollmann, P. organization: The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory – sequence: 6 givenname: A. M. surname: Rymer fullname: Rymer, A. M. organization: The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory – sequence: 7 givenname: S. J. surname: Bolton fullname: Bolton, S. J. organization: Southwest Research Institute – sequence: 8 givenname: S. M. surname: Levin fullname: Levin, S. M. organization: Jet Propulsion Laboratory – sequence: 9 givenname: A. surname: Adriani fullname: Adriani, A. organization: Instituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-Instituo di Astofisica e Planetologia Spaziali – sequence: 10 givenname: F. surname: Allegrini fullname: Allegrini, F. organization: Southwest Research Institute, Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Texas at San Antonio – sequence: 11 givenname: F. surname: Bagenal fullname: Bagenal, F. organization: University of Colorado – sequence: 12 givenname: B. surname: Bonfond fullname: Bonfond, B. organization: Université de Liège, Technologies and Astrophysics Research Institute, Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire – sequence: 13 givenname: J. E. P. surname: Connerney fullname: Connerney, J. E. P. organization: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt – sequence: 14 givenname: G. R. surname: Gladstone fullname: Gladstone, G. R. organization: Southwest Research Institute – sequence: 15 givenname: W. S. surname: Kurth fullname: Kurth, W. S. organization: University of Iowa – sequence: 16 givenname: D. J. surname: McComas fullname: McComas, D. J. organization: Southwest Research Institute, Princeton University – sequence: 17 givenname: P. surname: Valek fullname: Valek, P. organization: Southwest Research Institute
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28880294$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Copyright	Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved. 2017 COPYRIGHT 2017 Nature Publishing Group Copyright Nature Publishing Group Sep 7, 2017
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Snippet	The process that generates Earth’s most intense aurora is found to occur at Jupiter, but is of only secondary importance in generating Jupiter’s much more... The most intense auroral emissions from Earth's polar regions, called discrete for their sharply defined spatial configurations, are generated by a process...
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SubjectTerms	639/33/445/846 639/33/525/868 639/33/525/869 Aerospace environments Astrophysics aurora Auroral emissions Auroras Aérospatiale, astronomie & astrophysique Diffuse aurora Earth Electric fields Electron acceleration Emissions Energy Energy flux Hot electrons Humanities and Social Sciences In situ measurement Juno Jupiter Jupiter (Planet) letter Magnetic fields multidisciplinary Observations Physical, chemical, mathematical & earth Sciences Physique, chimie, mathématiques & sciences de la terre Polar environments Polar regions Science Space science, astronomy & astrophysics Stochastic processes Turbulence Wave scattering
Title	Discrete and broadband electron acceleration in Jupiter’s powerful aurora
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