Histologic Development of the Human Fovea From Midgestation to Maturity

To describe the histologic development of the human central retina from fetal week (Fwk) 22 to 13 years. Retrospective observational case series. Retinal layers and neuronal substructures were delineated on foveal sections of fixed tissue stained in azure II–methylene blue and on frozen sections imm...

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Published in:	American journal of ophthalmology Vol. 154; no. 5; pp. 767 - 778.e2
Main Authors:	Hendrickson, Anita, Possin, Daniel, Vajzovic, Lejla, Toth, Cynthia A.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	New York, NY Elsevier Inc 01.11.2012 Elsevier Elsevier Limited
Subjects:	Adolescent Adult Arrestin - metabolism Biological and medical sciences Biomarkers - metabolism Biomedical research Carrier Proteins - metabolism Child Child, Preschool Colleges & universities Cone Opsins - metabolism Female Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect Fovea Centralis - embryology Fovea Centralis - growth & development Fovea Centralis - metabolism Gestational Age Human subjects Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Medical imaging Medical sciences Miscellaneous Ophthalmology Pregnancy Pregnancy Trimester, Second Retina Rod Opsins - metabolism Synaptophysin - metabolism Transducin - metabolism Human Development Histology Ophthalmology
ISSN:	0002-9394, 1879-1891, 1879-1891
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Abstract	To describe the histologic development of the human central retina from fetal week (Fwk) 22 to 13 years. Retrospective observational case series. Retinal layers and neuronal substructures were delineated on foveal sections of fixed tissue stained in azure II–methylene blue and on frozen sections immunolabeled for cone, rod, or glial proteins. Postmortem tissue was from 11 eyes at Fwk 20–27; 8 eyes at Fwk 28–37; 6 eyes at postnatal 1 day to 6 weeks; 3 eyes at 9 to 15 months; and 5 eyes at 28 months to 13 years. At Fwk 20–22 the fovea could be identified by the presence of a single layer of cones in the outer nuclear layer. Immunolabeling detected synaptic proteins, cone and rod opsins, and Müller glial processes separating the photoreceptors. The foveal pit appeared at Fwk 25, involving progressive peripheral displacement of ganglion cell, inner plexiform, and inner nuclear layers. The pit became wider and shallower after birth, and appeared mature by 15 months. Between Fwk 25 and Fwk 38, all photoreceptors developed more distinct inner and outer segments, but these were longer on peripheral than foveal cones. After birth the foveal outer nuclear layer became much thicker as cone packing occurred. Cone packing and neuronal migration during pit formation combined to form long central photoreceptor axons, which changed the outer plexiform layer from a thin sheet of synaptic pedicles into the thickest layer in the central retina by 15 months. Foveal inner and outer segment length matched peripheral cones by 15 months and was 4 times longer by 13 years. These data are necessary to understand the marked changes in human retina from late gestation to early adulthood. They provide qualitative and quantitative morphologic information required to interpret the changes in hyper- and hyporeflexive bands in pediatric spectral-domain optical coherence tomography images at the same ages.
AbstractList	Purpose To describe the histologic development of the human central retina from fetal week (Fwk) 22 to 13 years. Design Retrospective observational case series. Methods Retinal layers and neuronal substructures were delineated on foveal sections of fixed tissue stained in azure II–methylene blue and on frozen sections immunolabeled for cone, rod, or glial proteins. Postmortem tissue was from 11 eyes at Fwk 20–27; 8 eyes at Fwk 28–37; 6 eyes at postnatal 1 day to 6 weeks; 3 eyes at 9 to 15 months; and 5 eyes at 28 months to 13 years. Results At Fwk 20–22 the fovea could be identified by the presence of a single layer of cones in the outer nuclear layer. Immunolabeling detected synaptic proteins, cone and rod opsins, and Müller glial processes separating the photoreceptors. The foveal pit appeared at Fwk 25, involving progressive peripheral displacement of ganglion cell, inner plexiform, and inner nuclear layers. The pit became wider and shallower after birth, and appeared mature by 15 months. Between Fwk 25 and Fwk 38, all photoreceptors developed more distinct inner and outer segments, but these were longer on peripheral than foveal cones. After birth the foveal outer nuclear layer became much thicker as cone packing occurred. Cone packing and neuronal migration during pit formation combined to form long central photoreceptor axons, which changed the outer plexiform layer from a thin sheet of synaptic pedicles into the thickest layer in the central retina by 15 months. Foveal inner and outer segment length matched peripheral cones by 15 months and was 4 times longer by 13 years. Conclusions These data are necessary to understand the marked changes in human retina from late gestation to early adulthood. They provide qualitative and quantitative morphologic information required to interpret the changes in hyper- and hyporeflexive bands in pediatric spectral-domain optical coherence tomography images at the same ages. To describe the histologic development of the human central retina from fetal week (Fwk) 22 to 13 years. Retrospective observational case series. Retinal layers and neuronal substructures were delineated on foveal sections of fixed tissue stained in azure II-methylene blue and on frozen sections immunolabeled for cone, rod, or glial proteins. Postmortem tissue was from 11 eyes at Fwk 20-27; 8 eyes at Fwk 28-37; 6 eyes at postnatal 1 day to 6 weeks; 3 eyes at 9 to 15 months; and 5 eyes at 28 months to 13 years. At Fwk 20-22 the fovea could be identified by the presence of a single layer of cones in the outer nuclear layer. Immunolabeling detected synaptic proteins, cone and rod opsins, and Müller glial processes separating the photoreceptors. The foveal pit appeared at Fwk 25, involving progressive peripheral displacement of ganglion cell, inner plexiform, and inner nuclear layers. The pit became wider and shallower after birth, and appeared mature by 15 months. Between Fwk 25 and Fwk 38, all photoreceptors developed more distinct inner and outer segments, but these were longer on peripheral than foveal cones. After birth the foveal outer nuclear layer became much thicker as cone packing occurred. Cone packing and neuronal migration during pit formation combined to form long central photoreceptor axons, which changed the outer plexiform layer from a thin sheet of synaptic pedicles into the thickest layer in the central retina by 15 months. Foveal inner and outer segment length matched peripheral cones by 15 months and was 4 times longer by 13 years. These data are necessary to understand the marked changes in human retina from late gestation to early adulthood. They provide qualitative and quantitative morphologic information required to interpret the changes in hyper- and hyporeflexive bands in pediatric spectral-domain optical coherence tomography images at the same ages. To describe the histologic development of the human central retina from fetal week (Fwk) 22 to 13 years. Retrospective observational case series. Retinal layers and neuronal substructures were delineated on foveal sections of fixed tissue stained in azure II–methylene blue and on frozen sections immunolabeled for cone, rod, or glial proteins. Postmortem tissue was from 11 eyes at Fwk 20–27; 8 eyes at Fwk 28–37; 6 eyes at postnatal 1 day to 6 weeks; 3 eyes at 9 to 15 months; and 5 eyes at 28 months to 13 years. At Fwk 20–22 the fovea could be identified by the presence of a single layer of cones in the outer nuclear layer. Immunolabeling detected synaptic proteins, cone and rod opsins, and Müller glial processes separating the photoreceptors. The foveal pit appeared at Fwk 25, involving progressive peripheral displacement of ganglion cell, inner plexiform, and inner nuclear layers. The pit became wider and shallower after birth, and appeared mature by 15 months. Between Fwk 25 and Fwk 38, all photoreceptors developed more distinct inner and outer segments, but these were longer on peripheral than foveal cones. After birth the foveal outer nuclear layer became much thicker as cone packing occurred. Cone packing and neuronal migration during pit formation combined to form long central photoreceptor axons, which changed the outer plexiform layer from a thin sheet of synaptic pedicles into the thickest layer in the central retina by 15 months. Foveal inner and outer segment length matched peripheral cones by 15 months and was 4 times longer by 13 years. These data are necessary to understand the marked changes in human retina from late gestation to early adulthood. They provide qualitative and quantitative morphologic information required to interpret the changes in hyper- and hyporeflexive bands in pediatric spectral-domain optical coherence tomography images at the same ages. To describe the histologic development of the human central retina from fetal week (Fwk) 22 to 13 years.PURPOSETo describe the histologic development of the human central retina from fetal week (Fwk) 22 to 13 years.Retrospective observational case series.DESIGNRetrospective observational case series.Retinal layers and neuronal substructures were delineated on foveal sections of fixed tissue stained in azure II-methylene blue and on frozen sections immunolabeled for cone, rod, or glial proteins. Postmortem tissue was from 11 eyes at Fwk 20-27; 8 eyes at Fwk 28-37; 6 eyes at postnatal 1 day to 6 weeks; 3 eyes at 9 to 15 months; and 5 eyes at 28 months to 13 years.METHODSRetinal layers and neuronal substructures were delineated on foveal sections of fixed tissue stained in azure II-methylene blue and on frozen sections immunolabeled for cone, rod, or glial proteins. Postmortem tissue was from 11 eyes at Fwk 20-27; 8 eyes at Fwk 28-37; 6 eyes at postnatal 1 day to 6 weeks; 3 eyes at 9 to 15 months; and 5 eyes at 28 months to 13 years.At Fwk 20-22 the fovea could be identified by the presence of a single layer of cones in the outer nuclear layer. Immunolabeling detected synaptic proteins, cone and rod opsins, and Müller glial processes separating the photoreceptors. The foveal pit appeared at Fwk 25, involving progressive peripheral displacement of ganglion cell, inner plexiform, and inner nuclear layers. The pit became wider and shallower after birth, and appeared mature by 15 months. Between Fwk 25 and Fwk 38, all photoreceptors developed more distinct inner and outer segments, but these were longer on peripheral than foveal cones. After birth the foveal outer nuclear layer became much thicker as cone packing occurred. Cone packing and neuronal migration during pit formation combined to form long central photoreceptor axons, which changed the outer plexiform layer from a thin sheet of synaptic pedicles into the thickest layer in the central retina by 15 months. Foveal inner and outer segment length matched peripheral cones by 15 months and was 4 times longer by 13 years.RESULTSAt Fwk 20-22 the fovea could be identified by the presence of a single layer of cones in the outer nuclear layer. Immunolabeling detected synaptic proteins, cone and rod opsins, and Müller glial processes separating the photoreceptors. The foveal pit appeared at Fwk 25, involving progressive peripheral displacement of ganglion cell, inner plexiform, and inner nuclear layers. The pit became wider and shallower after birth, and appeared mature by 15 months. Between Fwk 25 and Fwk 38, all photoreceptors developed more distinct inner and outer segments, but these were longer on peripheral than foveal cones. After birth the foveal outer nuclear layer became much thicker as cone packing occurred. Cone packing and neuronal migration during pit formation combined to form long central photoreceptor axons, which changed the outer plexiform layer from a thin sheet of synaptic pedicles into the thickest layer in the central retina by 15 months. Foveal inner and outer segment length matched peripheral cones by 15 months and was 4 times longer by 13 years.These data are necessary to understand the marked changes in human retina from late gestation to early adulthood. They provide qualitative and quantitative morphologic information required to interpret the changes in hyper- and hyporeflexive bands in pediatric spectral-domain optical coherence tomography images at the same ages.CONCLUSIONSThese data are necessary to understand the marked changes in human retina from late gestation to early adulthood. They provide qualitative and quantitative morphologic information required to interpret the changes in hyper- and hyporeflexive bands in pediatric spectral-domain optical coherence tomography images at the same ages.
Author	Possin, Daniel Vajzovic, Lejla Toth, Cynthia A. Hendrickson, Anita
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Anita surname: Hendrickson fullname: Hendrickson, Anita organization: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington – sequence: 2 givenname: Daniel surname: Possin fullname: Possin, Daniel organization: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington – sequence: 3 givenname: Lejla surname: Vajzovic fullname: Vajzovic, Lejla organization: Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Eye Center, Durham, North Carolina – sequence: 4 givenname: Cynthia A. surname: Toth fullname: Toth, Cynthia A. email: cynthia.toth@duke.edu organization: Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Eye Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Snippet	To describe the histologic development of the human central retina from fetal week (Fwk) 22 to 13 years. Retrospective observational case series. Retinal... Purpose To describe the histologic development of the human central retina from fetal week (Fwk) 22 to 13 years. Design Retrospective observational case... To describe the histologic development of the human central retina from fetal week (Fwk) 22 to 13 years. Retrospective observational case series. Retinal... To describe the histologic development of the human central retina from fetal week (Fwk) 22 to 13 years.PURPOSETo describe the histologic development of the...
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SubjectTerms	Adolescent Adult Arrestin - metabolism Biological and medical sciences Biomarkers - metabolism Biomedical research Carrier Proteins - metabolism Child Child, Preschool Colleges & universities Cone Opsins - metabolism Female Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect Fovea Centralis - embryology Fovea Centralis - growth & development Fovea Centralis - metabolism Gestational Age Human subjects Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Medical imaging Medical sciences Miscellaneous Ophthalmology Pregnancy Pregnancy Trimester, Second Retina Rod Opsins - metabolism Synaptophysin - metabolism Transducin - metabolism
Title	Histologic Development of the Human Fovea From Midgestation to Maturity
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