What works, how and in which contexts when using digital health to support parents/carers to implement intensive speech and language therapy at home for children with speech sound disorder? A realist review

Digital health solutions to support parent-implemented interventions alongside direct speech and language therapist (SLT) input could help increase intervention intensity for children with speech sound disorder (SSD) to meet evidence-based recommendations. This realist review explores the factors wh...

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Published in:PloS one Vol. 20; no. 5; p. e0321647
Main Authors: Leafe, Naomi, Pagnamenta, Emma, Taggart, Laurence, Donnelly, Mark, Hassiotis, Angela, Titterington, Jill
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: United States Public Library of Science 07.05.2025
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Abstract Digital health solutions to support parent-implemented interventions alongside direct speech and language therapist (SLT) input could help increase intervention intensity for children with speech sound disorder (SSD) to meet evidence-based recommendations. This realist review explores the factors which could make intensive parent-implemented digital interventions for children with SSD effective, and how this complex intervention might work in different contexts. Realist review methodology was adopted to explore what works, why, how, for which parents/carers, and in what circumstances. Realist methods aimed to understand the active ingredients, contexts, and associated outcomes of this complex intervention. Preliminary theories were developed to describe how and why digital parent-implemented interventions work for children with SSD. Data was extracted from 43 papers to test and refine preliminary theories. Behaviour change theories were used to explain how the intervention works in practice. A set of 20 explanatory theories were developed to depict how and why digital parent-implemented interventions work in different contexts. Theories covered five areas: child-participation; the child-parent-SLT dynamic; parent-training; partnership and collaboration; intervention intensity. The theories describe mechanisms of the intervention and how these are responded to in different situations. Findings highlight the importance of intensive intervention for children with SSD. This realist review adds new in-depth insight into how digital parent-implemented interventions work, for whom, and why. This new understanding has potential to support future successful digital parent-implemented interventions and increase intervention intensity for children with SSD globally. Implications for services and the potential of emerging digital health approaches to promote parent-implemented interventions are discussed.
AbstractList Digital health solutions to support parent-implemented interventions alongside direct speech and language therapist (SLT) input could help increase intervention intensity for children with speech sound disorder (SSD) to meet evidence-based recommendations. This realist review explores the factors which could make intensive parent-implemented digital interventions for children with SSD effective, and how this complex intervention might work in different contexts. Realist review methodology was adopted to explore what works, why, how, for which parents/carers, and in what circumstances. Realist methods aimed to understand the active ingredients, contexts, and associated outcomes of this complex intervention. Preliminary theories were developed to describe how and why digital parent-implemented interventions work for children with SSD. Data was extracted from 43 papers to test and refine preliminary theories. Behaviour change theories were used to explain how the intervention works in practice. A set of 20 explanatory theories were developed to depict how and why digital parent-implemented interventions work in different contexts. Theories covered five areas: child-participation; the child-parent-SLT dynamic; parent-training; partnership and collaboration; intervention intensity. The theories describe mechanisms of the intervention and how these are responded to in different situations. Findings highlight the importance of intensive intervention for children with SSD. This realist review adds new in-depth insight into how digital parent-implemented interventions work, for whom, and why. This new understanding has potential to support future successful digital parent-implemented interventions and increase intervention intensity for children with SSD globally. Implications for services and the potential of emerging digital health approaches to promote parent-implemented interventions are discussed.
Purpose Digital health solutions to support parent-implemented interventions alongside direct speech and language therapist (SLT) input could help increase intervention intensity for children with speech sound disorder (SSD) to meet evidence-based recommendations. This realist review explores the factors which could make intensive parent-implemented digital interventions for children with SSD effective, and how this complex intervention might work in different contexts. Methods Realist review methodology was adopted to explore what works, why, how, for which parents/carers, and in what circumstances. Realist methods aimed to understand the active ingredients, contexts, and associated outcomes of this complex intervention. Preliminary theories were developed to describe how and why digital parent-implemented interventions work for children with SSD. Data was extracted from 43 papers to test and refine preliminary theories. Behaviour change theories were used to explain how the intervention works in practice. Results A set of 20 explanatory theories were developed to depict how and why digital parent-implemented interventions work in different contexts. Theories covered five areas: child-participation; the child-parent-SLT dynamic; parent-training; partnership and collaboration; intervention intensity. The theories describe mechanisms of the intervention and how these are responded to in different situations. Findings highlight the importance of intensive intervention for children with SSD. Conclusions This realist review adds new in-depth insight into how digital parent-implemented interventions work, for whom, and why. This new understanding has potential to support future successful digital parent-implemented interventions and increase intervention intensity for children with SSD globally. Implications for services and the potential of emerging digital health approaches to promote parent-implemented interventions are discussed.
Purpose Digital health solutions to support parent-implemented interventions alongside direct speech and language therapist (SLT) input could help increase intervention intensity for children with speech sound disorder (SSD) to meet evidence-based recommendations. This realist review explores the factors which could make intensive parent-implemented digital interventions for children with SSD effective, and how this complex intervention might work in different contexts. Methods Realist review methodology was adopted to explore what works, why, how, for which parents/carers, and in what circumstances. Realist methods aimed to understand the active ingredients, contexts, and associated outcomes of this complex intervention. Preliminary theories were developed to describe how and why digital parent-implemented interventions work for children with SSD. Data was extracted from 43 papers to test and refine preliminary theories. Behaviour change theories were used to explain how the intervention works in practice. Results A set of 20 explanatory theories were developed to depict how and why digital parent-implemented interventions work in different contexts. Theories covered five areas: child-participation; the child-parent-SLT dynamic; parent-training; partnership and collaboration; intervention intensity. The theories describe mechanisms of the intervention and how these are responded to in different situations. Findings highlight the importance of intensive intervention for children with SSD. Conclusions This realist review adds new in-depth insight into how digital parent-implemented interventions work, for whom, and why. This new understanding has potential to support future successful digital parent-implemented interventions and increase intervention intensity for children with SSD globally. Implications for services and the potential of emerging digital health approaches to promote parent-implemented interventions are discussed.
PurposeDigital health solutions to support parent-implemented interventions alongside direct speech and language therapist (SLT) input could help increase intervention intensity for children with speech sound disorder (SSD) to meet evidence-based recommendations. This realist review explores the factors which could make intensive parent-implemented digital interventions for children with SSD effective, and how this complex intervention might work in different contexts.MethodsRealist review methodology was adopted to explore what works, why, how, for which parents/carers, and in what circumstances. Realist methods aimed to understand the active ingredients, contexts, and associated outcomes of this complex intervention. Preliminary theories were developed to describe how and why digital parent-implemented interventions work for children with SSD. Data was extracted from 43 papers to test and refine preliminary theories. Behaviour change theories were used to explain how the intervention works in practice.ResultsA set of 20 explanatory theories were developed to depict how and why digital parent-implemented interventions work in different contexts. Theories covered five areas: child-participation; the child-parent-SLT dynamic; parent-training; partnership and collaboration; intervention intensity. The theories describe mechanisms of the intervention and how these are responded to in different situations. Findings highlight the importance of intensive intervention for children with SSD.ConclusionsThis realist review adds new in-depth insight into how digital parent-implemented interventions work, for whom, and why. This new understanding has potential to support future successful digital parent-implemented interventions and increase intervention intensity for children with SSD globally. Implications for services and the potential of emerging digital health approaches to promote parent-implemented interventions are discussed.
Digital health solutions to support parent-implemented interventions alongside direct speech and language therapist (SLT) input could help increase intervention intensity for children with speech sound disorder (SSD) to meet evidence-based recommendations. This realist review explores the factors which could make intensive parent-implemented digital interventions for children with SSD effective, and how this complex intervention might work in different contexts. Realist review methodology was adopted to explore what works, why, how, for which parents/carers, and in what circumstances. Realist methods aimed to understand the active ingredients, contexts, and associated outcomes of this complex intervention. Preliminary theories were developed to describe how and why digital parent-implemented interventions work for children with SSD. Data was extracted from 43 papers to test and refine preliminary theories. Behaviour change theories were used to explain how the intervention works in practice. A set of 20 explanatory theories were developed to depict how and why digital parent-implemented interventions work in different contexts. Theories covered five areas: child-participation; the child-parent-SLT dynamic; parent-training; partnership and collaboration; intervention intensity. The theories describe mechanisms of the intervention and how these are responded to in different situations. Findings highlight the importance of intensive intervention for children with SSD. This realist review adds new in-depth insight into how digital parent-implemented interventions work, for whom, and why. This new understanding has potential to support future successful digital parent-implemented interventions and increase intervention intensity for children with SSD globally. Implications for services and the potential of emerging digital health approaches to promote parent-implemented interventions are discussed.
Digital health solutions to support parent-implemented interventions alongside direct speech and language therapist (SLT) input could help increase intervention intensity for children with speech sound disorder (SSD) to meet evidence-based recommendations. This realist review explores the factors which could make intensive parent-implemented digital interventions for children with SSD effective, and how this complex intervention might work in different contexts.PURPOSEDigital health solutions to support parent-implemented interventions alongside direct speech and language therapist (SLT) input could help increase intervention intensity for children with speech sound disorder (SSD) to meet evidence-based recommendations. This realist review explores the factors which could make intensive parent-implemented digital interventions for children with SSD effective, and how this complex intervention might work in different contexts.Realist review methodology was adopted to explore what works, why, how, for which parents/carers, and in what circumstances. Realist methods aimed to understand the active ingredients, contexts, and associated outcomes of this complex intervention. Preliminary theories were developed to describe how and why digital parent-implemented interventions work for children with SSD. Data was extracted from 43 papers to test and refine preliminary theories. Behaviour change theories were used to explain how the intervention works in practice.METHODSRealist review methodology was adopted to explore what works, why, how, for which parents/carers, and in what circumstances. Realist methods aimed to understand the active ingredients, contexts, and associated outcomes of this complex intervention. Preliminary theories were developed to describe how and why digital parent-implemented interventions work for children with SSD. Data was extracted from 43 papers to test and refine preliminary theories. Behaviour change theories were used to explain how the intervention works in practice.A set of 20 explanatory theories were developed to depict how and why digital parent-implemented interventions work in different contexts. Theories covered five areas: child-participation; the child-parent-SLT dynamic; parent-training; partnership and collaboration; intervention intensity. The theories describe mechanisms of the intervention and how these are responded to in different situations. Findings highlight the importance of intensive intervention for children with SSD.RESULTSA set of 20 explanatory theories were developed to depict how and why digital parent-implemented interventions work in different contexts. Theories covered five areas: child-participation; the child-parent-SLT dynamic; parent-training; partnership and collaboration; intervention intensity. The theories describe mechanisms of the intervention and how these are responded to in different situations. Findings highlight the importance of intensive intervention for children with SSD.This realist review adds new in-depth insight into how digital parent-implemented interventions work, for whom, and why. This new understanding has potential to support future successful digital parent-implemented interventions and increase intervention intensity for children with SSD globally. Implications for services and the potential of emerging digital health approaches to promote parent-implemented interventions are discussed.CONCLUSIONSThis realist review adds new in-depth insight into how digital parent-implemented interventions work, for whom, and why. This new understanding has potential to support future successful digital parent-implemented interventions and increase intervention intensity for children with SSD globally. Implications for services and the potential of emerging digital health approaches to promote parent-implemented interventions are discussed.
Audience Academic
Author Leafe, Naomi
Donnelly, Mark
Titterington, Jill
Pagnamenta, Emma
Hassiotis, Angela
Taggart, Laurence
AuthorAffiliation 1 Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, Belfast, United Kingdom
3 School of Computing, Ulster University, Belfast, United Kingdom
2 School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
4 Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
The University of Manchester, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 2 School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40333949$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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2025 Leafe et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
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Snippet Digital health solutions to support parent-implemented interventions alongside direct speech and language therapist (SLT) input could help increase...
Purpose Digital health solutions to support parent-implemented interventions alongside direct speech and language therapist (SLT) input could help increase...
PurposeDigital health solutions to support parent-implemented interventions alongside direct speech and language therapist (SLT) input could help increase...
Purpose Digital health solutions to support parent-implemented interventions alongside direct speech and language therapist (SLT) input could help increase...
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SubjectTerms Articulation disorders in children
Behavior change
Behavior modification
Biology and Life Sciences
Care and treatment
Caregivers
Child
Children
Children & youth
Communication
Demographic aspects
Diagnosis
Digital Health
Engineering and Technology
Families & family life
Health education
Health services
Humans
Intensive treatment
Intervention
Language
Language therapy
Language Therapy - methods
Medicine and Health Sciences
Parent-child relations
Parenthood education
Parents
Parents & parenting
Patient outcomes
People and Places
Phonology
Practice
Social Sciences
Sound intensity
Speech
Speech disorders
Speech Sound Disorder - therapy
Speech sounds
Speech therapists
Speech therapy
Speech Therapy - methods
Speech-language pathologists
Standard scores
Theory
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Title What works, how and in which contexts when using digital health to support parents/carers to implement intensive speech and language therapy at home for children with speech sound disorder? A realist review
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Volume 20
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