Shade, light, and stream temperature responses to riparian thinning in second-growth redwood forests of northern California
Resource managers in the Pacific Northwest (USA) actively thin second-growth forests to accelerate the development of late-successional conditions and seek to expand these restoration thinning treatments into riparian zones. Riparian forest thinning, however, may impact stream temperatures–a key wat...
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| Vydáno v: | PloS one Ročník 16; číslo 2; s. e0246822 |
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United States
Public Library of Science
16.02.2021
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
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| ISSN: | 1932-6203, 1932-6203 |
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| Abstract | Resource managers in the Pacific Northwest (USA) actively thin second-growth forests to accelerate the development of late-successional conditions and seek to expand these restoration thinning treatments into riparian zones. Riparian forest thinning, however, may impact stream temperatures–a key water quality parameter often regulated to protect stream habitat and aquatic organisms. To better understand the effects of riparian thinning on shade, light, and stream temperature, we employed a manipulative field experiment following a replicated Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) design in three watersheds in the redwood forests of northern California, USA. Thinning treatments were intended to reduce canopy closure or basal area within the riparian zone by up to 50% on both sides of the stream channel along a 100–200 m stream reach. We found that responses to thinning ranged widely depending on the intensity of thinning treatments. In the watersheds with more intensive treatments, thinning reduced shade, increased light, and altered stream thermal regimes in thinned and downstream reaches. Thinning shifted thermal regimes by increasing maximum temperatures, thermal variability, and the frequency and duration of elevated temperatures. These thermal responses occurred primarily during summer but also extended into spring and fall. Longitudinal profiles indicated that increases in temperature associated with thinning frequently persisted downstream, but downstream effects depended on the magnitude of upstream temperature increases. Model selection analyses indicated that local changes in shade as well as upstream thermal conditions and proximity to upstream treatments explained variation in stream temperature responses to thinning. In contrast, in the study watershed with less intensive thinning, smaller changes in shade and light resulted in minimal stream temperature responses. Collectively, our data shed new light on the stream thermal responses to riparian thinning. These results provide relevant information for managers considering thinning as a viable restoration strategy for second-growth riparian forests. |
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| AbstractList | Resource managers in the Pacific Northwest (USA) actively thin second-growth forests to accelerate the development of late-successional conditions and seek to expand these restoration thinning treatments into riparian zones. Riparian forest thinning, however, may impact stream temperatures-a key water quality parameter often regulated to protect stream habitat and aquatic organisms. To better understand the effects of riparian thinning on shade, light, and stream temperature, we employed a manipulative field experiment following a replicated Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) design in three watersheds in the redwood forests of northern California, USA. Thinning treatments were intended to reduce canopy closure or basal area within the riparian zone by up to 50% on both sides of the stream channel along a 100-200 m stream reach. We found that responses to thinning ranged widely depending on the intensity of thinning treatments. In the watersheds with more intensive treatments, thinning reduced shade, increased light, and altered stream thermal regimes in thinned and downstream reaches. Thinning shifted thermal regimes by increasing maximum temperatures, thermal variability, and the frequency and duration of elevated temperatures. These thermal responses occurred primarily during summer but also extended into spring and fall. Longitudinal profiles indicated that increases in temperature associated with thinning frequently persisted downstream, but downstream effects depended on the magnitude of upstream temperature increases. Model selection analyses indicated that local changes in shade as well as upstream thermal conditions and proximity to upstream treatments explained variation in stream temperature responses to thinning. In contrast, in the study watershed with less intensive thinning, smaller changes in shade and light resulted in minimal stream temperature responses. Collectively, our data shed new light on the stream thermal responses to riparian thinning. These results provide relevant information for managers considering thinning as a viable restoration strategy for second-growth riparian forests. [...]buffer protections that limit forest harvest in riparian zones have successfully restored some key ecological functions [2, 4, 5]. [...]federal land managers in the Pacific Northwest are exploring the application of silvicultural methods such as selective logging and variable density thinning as restoration strategies to accelerate the development of late-successional forest structure and composition [14]. [...]managers are interested in understanding whether thinning accelerates the recovery of large conifers in riparian forests to provide an eventual source of large woody debris, promote riparian zone heterogeneity, and enhance aquatic and riparian biodiversity and productivity [15–17]. [...]there is a growing interest in thinning as a restoration strategy to address multiple objectives for second-growth riparian forests impacted by previous land-use. [...]state and federal policies now limit the magnitude of change in stream temperature caused by land-use activity like timber harvest [4]. Resource managers in the Pacific Northwest (USA) actively thin second-growth forests to accelerate the development of late-successional conditions and seek to expand these restoration thinning treatments into riparian zones. Riparian forest thinning, however, may impact stream temperatures-a key water quality parameter often regulated to protect stream habitat and aquatic organisms. To better understand the effects of riparian thinning on shade, light, and stream temperature, we employed a manipulative field experiment following a replicated Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) design in three watersheds in the redwood forests of northern California, USA. Thinning treatments were intended to reduce canopy closure or basal area within the riparian zone by up to 50% on both sides of the stream channel along a 100-200 m stream reach. We found that responses to thinning ranged widely depending on the intensity of thinning treatments. In the watersheds with more intensive treatments, thinning reduced shade, increased light, and altered stream thermal regimes in thinned and downstream reaches. Thinning shifted thermal regimes by increasing maximum temperatures, thermal variability, and the frequency and duration of elevated temperatures. These thermal responses occurred primarily during summer but also extended into spring and fall. Longitudinal profiles indicated that increases in temperature associated with thinning frequently persisted downstream, but downstream effects depended on the magnitude of upstream temperature increases. Model selection analyses indicated that local changes in shade as well as upstream thermal conditions and proximity to upstream treatments explained variation in stream temperature responses to thinning. In contrast, in the study watershed with less intensive thinning, smaller changes in shade and light resulted in minimal stream temperature responses. Collectively, our data shed new light on the stream thermal responses to riparian thinning. These results provide relevant information for managers considering thinning as a viable restoration strategy for second-growth riparian forests.Resource managers in the Pacific Northwest (USA) actively thin second-growth forests to accelerate the development of late-successional conditions and seek to expand these restoration thinning treatments into riparian zones. Riparian forest thinning, however, may impact stream temperatures-a key water quality parameter often regulated to protect stream habitat and aquatic organisms. To better understand the effects of riparian thinning on shade, light, and stream temperature, we employed a manipulative field experiment following a replicated Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) design in three watersheds in the redwood forests of northern California, USA. Thinning treatments were intended to reduce canopy closure or basal area within the riparian zone by up to 50% on both sides of the stream channel along a 100-200 m stream reach. We found that responses to thinning ranged widely depending on the intensity of thinning treatments. In the watersheds with more intensive treatments, thinning reduced shade, increased light, and altered stream thermal regimes in thinned and downstream reaches. Thinning shifted thermal regimes by increasing maximum temperatures, thermal variability, and the frequency and duration of elevated temperatures. These thermal responses occurred primarily during summer but also extended into spring and fall. Longitudinal profiles indicated that increases in temperature associated with thinning frequently persisted downstream, but downstream effects depended on the magnitude of upstream temperature increases. Model selection analyses indicated that local changes in shade as well as upstream thermal conditions and proximity to upstream treatments explained variation in stream temperature responses to thinning. In contrast, in the study watershed with less intensive thinning, smaller changes in shade and light resulted in minimal stream temperature responses. Collectively, our data shed new light on the stream thermal responses to riparian thinning. These results provide relevant information for managers considering thinning as a viable restoration strategy for second-growth riparian forests. [...]buffer protections that limit forest harvest in riparian zones have successfully restored some key ecological functions [2, 4, 5]. [...]federal land managers in the Pacific Northwest are exploring the application of silvicultural methods such as selective logging and variable density thinning as restoration strategies to accelerate the development of late-successional forest structure and composition [14]. [...]managers are interested in understanding whether thinning accelerates the recovery of large conifers in riparian forests to provide an eventual source of large woody debris, promote riparian zone heterogeneity, and enhance aquatic and riparian biodiversity and productivity [15–17]. [...]there is a growing interest in thinning as a restoration strategy to address multiple objectives for second-growth riparian forests impacted by previous land-use. [...]state and federal policies now limit the magnitude of change in stream temperature caused by land-use activity like timber harvest [4]. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Roon, David A. Dunham, Jason B. Groom, Jeremiah D. |
| AuthorAffiliation | 3 Groom Analytics, LLC, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America Universite du Quebec a Chicoutimi, CANADA 1 Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America 2 U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 2 U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America – name: Universite du Quebec a Chicoutimi, CANADA – name: 1 Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America – name: 3 Groom Analytics, LLC, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: David A. orcidid: 0000-0002-3284-5791 surname: Roon fullname: Roon, David A. – sequence: 2 givenname: Jason B. surname: Dunham fullname: Dunham, Jason B. – sequence: 3 givenname: Jeremiah D. surname: Groom fullname: Groom, Jeremiah D. |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33592001$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 ObjectType-Correction/Retraction-3 Competing Interests: The authors have read the journal’s policy and have the following competing interests: Green Diamond Resource Company provided salaries for DAR, JDG, and seasonal field technicians, as well as material supplies used for data collection. Green Diamond helped guide initial study questions addressed, the study design implemented, assisted with data collection, and had the opportunity to review the manuscript for accuracy. JDG is also the owner of Groom Analytics, LLC. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products associated with this research to declare. |
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| Snippet | Resource managers in the Pacific Northwest (USA) actively thin second-growth forests to accelerate the development of late-successional conditions and seek to... [...]buffer protections that limit forest harvest in riparian zones have successfully restored some key ecological functions [2, 4, 5]. [...]federal land... [...]buffer protections that limit forest harvest in riparian zones have successfully restored some key ecological functions [2, 4, 5]. [...]federal land... |
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| SubjectTerms | Biodiversity Biology and Life Sciences California Coasts Conifers Creeks & streams Distribution Earth Sciences Ecological function Ecology and Environmental Sciences Ecosystems Environmental aspects Federal policies Forest harvesting Forest management Forest protection Forests Harvest Heterogeneity Land management Land use Light Light effects Logging Physical Sciences Redwood Restoration strategies Riparian areas Riparian buffers Riparian forests Riparian land Seasons Sequoia - growth & development Silviculture Stream measurements Temperature Thermal properties Thinning Timber Watersheds |
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| Title | Shade, light, and stream temperature responses to riparian thinning in second-growth redwood forests of northern California |
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